{"title":"Harsh parenting in adolescence and symptoms of depression in emerging adulthood: The moderating role of sleep.","authors":"Ryan J Kelly, Morgan J Thompson, Mona El-Sheikh","doi":"10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.010","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Harsh parenting occurs often in adolescence and confers risk for depression symptoms. However, individual differences exist and explication of variables that exacerbate or attenuate risk is needed. Sleep problems impair coping abilities and may magnify the effects of harsh parenting. Using a 5-wave design spanning 9 years, we investigated adolescents' sleep as a moderator of relations between harsh parenting in adolescence and depression symptoms in emerging adulthood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Families participated over 5 waves (child's M age at each wave was 16, 17, 18, 23, and 25 years; 245 families participated at age 16 [52% female; 67% White/European American, 33% Black/African American]; 132 families participated at all 5 waves). Mothers and fathers reported on the frequency of their own harsh parenting (verbal and physical) at ages 16-18. Actigraphy measured adolescents' sleep duration (minutes) and quality (sleep maintenance efficiency, long wake episodes) at ages 16-18. Depression symptoms were assessed with self-reports at all waves.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After controlling for autoregressive effects, structural equation models revealed that shorter sleep duration (β = -0.16, p = <.03), reduced sleep maintenance efficiency (β = -0.30, p = <.001), and more long wake episodes (β = 0.24, p = .004) in adolescence exacerbated relations between harsh fathering in adolescence and depression symptoms in emerging adulthood. Harsh mothering did not confer risk, regardless of adolescents' sleep.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Interactions between harsh parenting and sleep problems in adolescence may predict depression symptoms in emerging adulthood. The results highlight the importance of considering sleep in attempts to improve mental health in those exposed to harsh parenting.</p>","PeriodicalId":48545,"journal":{"name":"Sleep Health","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sleep Health","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2025.07.010","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CLINICAL NEUROLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objectives: Harsh parenting occurs often in adolescence and confers risk for depression symptoms. However, individual differences exist and explication of variables that exacerbate or attenuate risk is needed. Sleep problems impair coping abilities and may magnify the effects of harsh parenting. Using a 5-wave design spanning 9 years, we investigated adolescents' sleep as a moderator of relations between harsh parenting in adolescence and depression symptoms in emerging adulthood.
Methods: Families participated over 5 waves (child's M age at each wave was 16, 17, 18, 23, and 25 years; 245 families participated at age 16 [52% female; 67% White/European American, 33% Black/African American]; 132 families participated at all 5 waves). Mothers and fathers reported on the frequency of their own harsh parenting (verbal and physical) at ages 16-18. Actigraphy measured adolescents' sleep duration (minutes) and quality (sleep maintenance efficiency, long wake episodes) at ages 16-18. Depression symptoms were assessed with self-reports at all waves.
Results: After controlling for autoregressive effects, structural equation models revealed that shorter sleep duration (β = -0.16, p = <.03), reduced sleep maintenance efficiency (β = -0.30, p = <.001), and more long wake episodes (β = 0.24, p = .004) in adolescence exacerbated relations between harsh fathering in adolescence and depression symptoms in emerging adulthood. Harsh mothering did not confer risk, regardless of adolescents' sleep.
Conclusions: Interactions between harsh parenting and sleep problems in adolescence may predict depression symptoms in emerging adulthood. The results highlight the importance of considering sleep in attempts to improve mental health in those exposed to harsh parenting.
目的：严厉的父母教育经常发生在青少年时期，并且会增加抑郁症状的风险。然而，个体差异存在，需要解释加剧或减弱风险的变量。睡眠问题会损害孩子的应对能力，并可能放大严厉父母的影响。采用跨越9年的5波设计，我们调查了青少年睡眠在青春期严厉父母教育与成年早期抑郁症状之间的调节作用。方法：分5波参与家庭（每波儿童的M年龄分别为16岁、17岁、18岁、23岁和25岁）；16岁参与家庭245个（52%为女性，67%为白人/欧洲裔美国人，33%为黑人/非洲裔美国人）；5波共参与家庭132个。母亲和父亲报告了他们在16-18岁时严厉管教（口头和身体）的频率。活动记录仪测量了16-18岁青少年的睡眠时间（分钟）和质量（睡眠维持效率，长时间清醒）。抑郁症状通过自我报告在所有阶段进行评估。结果：在控制了自回归效应后，结构方程模型显示较短的睡眠时间（β = -0.16, p =）。结论：严厉的父母教养和青春期睡眠问题之间的相互作用可能预测成年早期的抑郁症状。研究结果强调了考虑睡眠对于那些受到严厉教育的孩子改善心理健康的重要性。
期刊介绍：
Sleep Health Journal of the National Sleep Foundation is a multidisciplinary journal that explores sleep''s role in population health and elucidates the social science perspective on sleep and health. Aligned with the National Sleep Foundation''s global authoritative, evidence-based voice for sleep health, the journal serves as the foremost publication for manuscripts that advance the sleep health of all members of society.The scope of the journal extends across diverse sleep-related fields, including anthropology, education, health services research, human development, international health, law, mental health, nursing, nutrition, psychology, public health, public policy, fatigue management, transportation, social work, and sociology. The journal welcomes original research articles, review articles, brief reports, special articles, letters to the editor, editorials, and commentaries.
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