Parental education level and ADHD diagnosis in childhood and adolescence: the moderating roles of gender, age, and family history of ADHD.

IF 4.9 2区 医学 Q1 PEDIATRICS
Lotta Volotinen, Hanna Remes, Pekka Martikainen, Niina Metsä-Simola
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Low parental education has been suggested as a risk factor for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but the associations may differ by gender and age, as boys are diagnosed more often and earlier than girls. Parental education might also not predict offspring ADHD diagnosis similarly if parents themselves have ADHD. We examined how maternal and paternal education level predicts offspring ADHD diagnosis at ages 4-17 and whether these associations are modified by gender, age (4-12 vs. 13-17), and family history of ADHD (biological parent and/or full sibling vs. none). We used data on 419,152 individuals born in Finland between 1994 and 2003, identified ADHD diagnosis from national registers with first clinical diagnosis or ADHD medication purchase, and estimated incidence rate ratios (IRR) in Poisson regression. Compared to tertiary education, basic parental education predicted a higher than twofold likelihood of ADHD diagnosis in offspring (maternal IRR 2.17, 95% confidence interval 2.07-2.28; paternal 2.36, 2.26-2.48). The likelihood was about threefold in childhood and twofold or less in adolescence, and mostly similar for boys and girls. Among those with family history of ADHD, the associations were weaker in childhood (highest IRR 1.85, 1.30-2.64) and negligible in adolescence. These findings suggest that low parental education is more strongly associated with an increased likelihood of offspring ADHD diagnosis in childhood than adolescence and in families without an identified history of ADHD. Improving diagnostic processes may help ensure appropriate access to diagnosis and care at any age, irrespective of parental education level and family history of ADHD.

父母教育水平与儿童和青少年ADHD诊断:性别、年龄和ADHD家族史的调节作用
父母教育程度低被认为是注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的一个危险因素,但这种联系可能因性别和年龄而异,因为男孩比女孩更早被诊断出来。如果父母本身患有多动症,父母的教育也可能无法预测后代的多动症诊断。我们研究了母亲和父亲的教育水平如何预测子女4-17岁时的ADHD诊断,以及这些关联是否受到性别、年龄(4-12岁vs. 13-17岁)和ADHD家族史(亲生父母和/或全兄弟姐妹vs.无)的影响。我们使用1994年至2003年间在芬兰出生的419,152人的数据,从首次临床诊断或购买ADHD药物的国家登记册中确定ADHD诊断,并通过泊松回归估计发病率比(IRR)。与高等教育水平相比,父母基础教育水平预测后代ADHD诊断可能性高于2倍(母亲IRR 2.17, 95%可信区间2.07-2.28;父亲IRR 2.36, 2.26-2.48)。在儿童时期,这种可能性大约是三倍,而在青春期,这种可能性为两倍或更低,男孩和女孩的可能性基本相似。在有ADHD家族史的人群中,这种关联在儿童期较弱(最高IRR为1.85,1.30-2.64),在青春期可以忽略不计。这些发现表明,与青少年和没有ADHD病史的家庭相比,较低的父母教育水平与后代在儿童期被诊断为ADHD的可能性增加的关系更大。改进诊断程序可能有助于确保在任何年龄获得适当的诊断和护理,而不考虑父母的教育水平和ADHD家族史。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
12.80
自引率
4.70%
发文量
186
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry is Europe''s only peer-reviewed journal entirely devoted to child and adolescent psychiatry. It aims to further a broad understanding of psychopathology in children and adolescents. Empirical research is its foundation, and clinical relevance is its hallmark. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry welcomes in particular papers covering neuropsychiatry, cognitive neuroscience, genetics, neuroimaging, pharmacology, and related fields of interest. Contributions are encouraged from all around the world.
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