{"title":"The Nitrite-Amines Nexus in Nitrosamine Formation: Mechanisms, Mutagenic Implications, Regulations, and Root Causes in Medicines.","authors":"Yunes M M A Alsayadi, Aditya Shiven, Atul Kabra","doi":"10.2174/0115680266379308250827055006","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nitrosamines are genotoxic impurities formed from reactions between amines and nitrosating agents, which are commonly found in many consumer products and pharmaceuticals. Their presence poses serious risks due to their established carcinogenic potential, particularly with long-term exposure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to investigate the mechanisms, sources, analytical detection methods, and regulatory frameworks of nitrosamine formation. Relevant studies and guidelines were analyzed to identify risk patterns and control strategies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nitrosamines may form during the synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), due to excipient contamination, or through degradation during storage. Sensitive techniques, such as LC-MS and GC-MS, enable trace-level detection. Regulatory bodies, including the FDA and EMA, have established Acceptable Intake (AI) limits and mandated risk assessments and control measures.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Nitrosamine formation is influenced by factors, such as pH, heat, moisture, and the interaction of amines with nitrosating agents. The variability in excipient composition and manufacturing processes adds complexity to prevention efforts, underscoring the need for productspecific risk evaluation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Minimizing nitrosamine contamination requires robust risk assessment, sensitive analytical techniques, and strict adherence to evolving regulatory requirements. This review highlights the importance of proactive control throughout the formulation, manufacturing, and storage stages to ensure patient safety and pharmaceutical quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":11076,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in medicinal chemistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Current topics in medicinal chemistry","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0115680266379308250827055006","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction: Nitrosamines are genotoxic impurities formed from reactions between amines and nitrosating agents, which are commonly found in many consumer products and pharmaceuticals. Their presence poses serious risks due to their established carcinogenic potential, particularly with long-term exposure.
Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to investigate the mechanisms, sources, analytical detection methods, and regulatory frameworks of nitrosamine formation. Relevant studies and guidelines were analyzed to identify risk patterns and control strategies.
Results: Nitrosamines may form during the synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs), due to excipient contamination, or through degradation during storage. Sensitive techniques, such as LC-MS and GC-MS, enable trace-level detection. Regulatory bodies, including the FDA and EMA, have established Acceptable Intake (AI) limits and mandated risk assessments and control measures.
Discussion: Nitrosamine formation is influenced by factors, such as pH, heat, moisture, and the interaction of amines with nitrosating agents. The variability in excipient composition and manufacturing processes adds complexity to prevention efforts, underscoring the need for productspecific risk evaluation.
Conclusion: Minimizing nitrosamine contamination requires robust risk assessment, sensitive analytical techniques, and strict adherence to evolving regulatory requirements. This review highlights the importance of proactive control throughout the formulation, manufacturing, and storage stages to ensure patient safety and pharmaceutical quality.
简介:亚硝胺是由胺和亚硝化剂之间的反应形成的遗传毒性杂质,通常存在于许多消费品和药品中。它们的存在造成严重的风险,因为它们具有确定的致癌潜力,特别是长期接触。方法:通过PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science等数据库,对亚硝胺形成的机制、来源、分析检测方法和调控框架等进行综述。分析了相关研究和指南,以确定风险模式和控制策略。结果:亚硝胺可能在原料药的合成过程中,由于赋形剂的污染,或由于储存过程中的降解而形成。灵敏的技术,如LC-MS和GC-MS,可以进行痕量检测。包括FDA和EMA在内的监管机构已经建立了可接受摄入量(AI)限制和强制性风险评估和控制措施。讨论:亚硝胺的形成受各种因素的影响,如pH值、热量、湿度以及胺与亚硝化剂的相互作用。赋形剂成分和生产工艺的可变性增加了预防工作的复杂性,强调了对特定产品风险评估的必要性。结论:减少亚硝胺污染需要可靠的风险评估、灵敏的分析技术和严格遵守不断变化的法规要求。这篇综述强调了在整个处方、生产和储存阶段进行主动控制以确保患者安全和药品质量的重要性。
期刊介绍:
Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry is a forum for the review of areas of keen and topical interest to medicinal chemists and others in the allied disciplines. Each issue is solely devoted to a specific topic, containing six to nine reviews, which provide the reader a comprehensive survey of that area. A Guest Editor who is an expert in the topic under review, will assemble each issue. The scope of Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry will cover all areas of medicinal chemistry, including current developments in rational drug design, synthetic chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, compound diversity measurements, drug absorption, drug distribution, metabolism, new and emerging drug targets, natural products, pharmacogenomics, and structure-activity relationships. Medicinal chemistry is a rapidly maturing discipline. The study of how structure and function are related is absolutely essential to understanding the molecular basis of life. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry aims to contribute to the growth of scientific knowledge and insight, and facilitate the discovery and development of new therapeutic agents to treat debilitating human disorders. The journal is essential for every medicinal chemist who wishes to be kept informed and up-to-date with the latest and most important advances.