Nano-liposome encapsulation of adenosine and cordycepin from Cordyceps militaris: preparation, characterization, stability, and in vitro digestion evaluation†

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and characterize a nano-liposome system encapsulating adenosine (ADE) and cordycepin (COR) from the aqueous extract of Cordyceps militaris to enhance their bioavailability and stability. The liposomes were prepared using the solvent injection method, yielding an average particle size of 100.3 nm and encapsulation efficiencies of 72.7 ± 3.2% for ADE and 75.7 ± 3.8% for COR. The system demonstrated excellent stability over 28 days under refrigerated conditions, with minimal changes in particle size and zeta potential. Additionally, the nano-liposomes exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to the raw extract, neutralizing 84% of DPPH free radicals at a concentration of 6.25 mg mL⁻¹. The liposome LCMs shell effectively protected ADE and COR in the simulated gastric environment, with cumulative release of less than 20%, while precisely controlling their release in the intestinal environment, achieving over 85%. These findings underscore the potential of this nano-liposome system for applications in functional foods and pharmaceuticals, offering a promising approach to maximize the health benefits of Cordyceps militaris.