Sustainable recovery of bioactive compounds from Nelumbo nucifera using ultrasound-assisted extraction optimized through response surface methodology

Thiti Sonphakdi, Mohammad Fikry, Saranya Jansamutr and Kitipong Assatarakul
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Abstract

Nelumbo nucifera (lotus flower) is a promising natural source of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and alkaloids, recognized for their potent bioactive and antioxidant properties. This study optimized a green extraction approach, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to enhance the yield of these functional compounds while minimizing environmental impact. A response surface methodology (RSM) using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was employed to investigate the effects of extraction time (10, 25, and 40 min), temperature (50, 60, and 70 °C), and ultrasonic full power rate at 20.5 kHz (40, 65, and 90% power rate). Optimal conditions, 10 min at 57.45 °C and 90% (18.45 kHz), achieved a high total phenolic content (TPC) of 114.52 mg GAE per g, total flavonoid content (TFC) of 0.057 mg QE per g, and strong antioxidant activity (DPPH, 90.91%, ABTS, 91.61%, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP, 0.072 mg TE per g). The process demonstrated excellent energy efficiency, with reduced energy consumption (617.97 kJ) compared to conventional thermal extraction methods. Thermodynamic analysis confirmed spontaneous extraction of phenolic and antioxidant compounds (negative ΔG), while entropy changes (ΔS) indicated process irreversibility and thermal sensitivity. Overall, UAE operation reduced solvent, saved energy, and effectively preserved heat-sensitive bioactive compounds, highlighting the environmental advantages of UAE. This study underscores UAE as a sustainable and scalable technique for extracting functional compounds, offering considerable potential for applications in food, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries committed to green processing technologies.

Abstract Image

利用响应面法优化超声辅助提取莲皮中生物活性物质的可持续性
荷花是一种很有前途的酚类化合物、类黄酮和生物碱的天然来源,因其强大的生物活性和抗氧化特性而得到认可。本研究优化了一种绿色提取方法,超声辅助提取(UAE),以提高这些功能化合物的收率,同时最大限度地减少对环境的影响。采用Box-Behnken设计(BBD)的响应面法(RSM)研究了提取时间(10、25和40 min)、温度(50、60和70°C)和20.5 kHz(40、65和90%功率率)下超声全功率率的影响。在57.45°C和90% (18.45 kHz)条件下,10 min可获得较高的总酚含量(TPC)为114.52 mg GAE / g,总黄酮含量(TFC)为0.057 mg QE / g,抗氧化活性(DPPH, 90.91%, ABTS, 91.61%,铁还原抗氧化能力,FRAP, 0.072 mg TE / g)。该工艺具有优异的能源效率,与传统的热萃取方法相比,能耗降低(617.97 kJ)。热力学分析证实了酚类和抗氧化化合物的自发提取(负ΔG),而熵变(ΔS)表明了过程的不可逆性和热敏性。总的来说,阿联酋操作减少了溶剂,节约了能源,有效地保存了热敏性生物活性化合物,突出了阿联酋的环境优势。这项研究强调了阿联酋作为一种可持续的、可扩展的提取功能化合物的技术,在致力于绿色加工技术的食品、营养保健和制药行业提供了相当大的应用潜力。
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