{"title":"Inverse Association Between D-Dimer Levels and Glasgow Coma Scale Scores in Hemorrhagic Stroke Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study.","authors":"Dapeng Dai, Yong Sun, Hongwei Zhang, Aimin Li","doi":"10.2147/IJGM.S540186","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Hemorrhagic stroke (HS) represents one of the major causes of death in China. The research work focuses on the correlation between Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and D-dimer level, and the role of modified factors such as platelet count in HS patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted at the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang City, China. HS Patients were divided into three groups according to their GCS scores: GCS < 9 (severe, n = 43), 9 ≤ GCS < 13 (moderate, n = 97), and GCS ≥ 13 (mild, n = 487).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis comprised 627 participants. D-dimer levels were 142.0 ng/mL on average. The average GCS score was 13.6, and the average age was 61.0 years. The three GCS groups showed significant differences in D-dimer concentrations, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P < 0.001, P = 0.028, and P = 0.005, respectively). Among severe GCS scores (<9), the D-dimer level was the highest at 237.0 ng/mL. After adjustment for possible confounders, the D-dimer concentrations were significantly lower in the moderate and mild GCS groups than in the severe group (P = 0.030 and P = 0.038, respectively). In the stratified analysis, the association between GCS categories and D-dimer levels was stronger among participants with low platelet counts (<194 × 10^9/L; P for interaction = 0.017).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals a significant inverse association between D-dimer levels and GCS scores in HS patients, especially those with lower platelet counts. Elevated D-dimer levels may reflect coagulation and fibrinolysis activation, contributing to worse outcomes. Clinically, more attention and monitoring should be paid to the HS patients with elevated D-dimer levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":14131,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of General Medicine","volume":"18 ","pages":"5345-5353"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12435510/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of General Medicine","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S540186","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Aim: Hemorrhagic stroke (HS) represents one of the major causes of death in China. The research work focuses on the correlation between Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and D-dimer level, and the role of modified factors such as platelet count in HS patients.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted at the First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang City, China. HS Patients were divided into three groups according to their GCS scores: GCS < 9 (severe, n = 43), 9 ≤ GCS < 13 (moderate, n = 97), and GCS ≥ 13 (mild, n = 487).
Results: The analysis comprised 627 participants. D-dimer levels were 142.0 ng/mL on average. The average GCS score was 13.6, and the average age was 61.0 years. The three GCS groups showed significant differences in D-dimer concentrations, diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P < 0.001, P = 0.028, and P = 0.005, respectively). Among severe GCS scores (<9), the D-dimer level was the highest at 237.0 ng/mL. After adjustment for possible confounders, the D-dimer concentrations were significantly lower in the moderate and mild GCS groups than in the severe group (P = 0.030 and P = 0.038, respectively). In the stratified analysis, the association between GCS categories and D-dimer levels was stronger among participants with low platelet counts (<194 × 10^9/L; P for interaction = 0.017).
Conclusion: This study reveals a significant inverse association between D-dimer levels and GCS scores in HS patients, especially those with lower platelet counts. Elevated D-dimer levels may reflect coagulation and fibrinolysis activation, contributing to worse outcomes. Clinically, more attention and monitoring should be paid to the HS patients with elevated D-dimer levels.
期刊介绍:
The International Journal of General Medicine is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal that focuses on general and internal medicine, pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment protocols. The journal is characterized by the rapid reporting of reviews, original research and clinical studies across all disease areas.
A key focus of the journal is the elucidation of disease processes and management protocols resulting in improved outcomes for the patient. Patient perspectives such as satisfaction, quality of life, health literacy and communication and their role in developing new healthcare programs and optimizing clinical outcomes are major areas of interest for the journal.
As of 1st April 2019, the International Journal of General Medicine will no longer consider meta-analyses for publication.