Unveiling the intricacies of exosome biology: from biogenesis to therapeutic applications.

Abstract

Exosomes are small membrane-bound nanovesicles that are secreted by cells when multivesicular bodies merge with the plasma membrane. These particles have been demonstrated to carry specific proteins, lipids and genetic components that are exclusive to each cell type. These compounds can be selectively taken up by cells in close proximity or at a distance, even after being released, thus altering their biological response. Therefore, the regulated manufacturing of exosomes, the exact makeup of their contents and their capacity to selectively interact with particular cells are highly important in the field of biology because of the immense potential of exosomes as noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic nanocarriers. This review presents a comprehensive examination and evaluation of the most recent progress in comprehending the regulatory mechanisms of exosome formation, the molecular composition of exosomes and the approaches utilised in exosome research. Furthermore, this review focuses on the potential use of exosomes as promising markers for the diagnosis and prognosis of medical conditions, owing to their specific associations with cellular lineage and state. In addition, the potential role of exosomes as vehicles for the delivery of medicines and genes for therapeutic applications is unraveled. The study of exosomes is currently in a nascent phase. Acquiring a thorough understanding of the subcellular constituents and processes implicated in exosome generation, together with their specific cell targeting, can yield valuable insights into their physiological roles.