Identification of Interleukin-1β in Whole Blood as a Candidate Biomarker for Alcohol Use Disorder Risk Based on AUDIT Scores

Abstract

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation, yet no validated immune-based markers exist to support assessment or monitoring. This study identifies interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) in whole blood as a promising candidate biomarker of AUD risk, based on Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores. Twenty-eight non–treatment-seeking adults, with AUDIT scores between 2 and 22, provided whole blood samples. We aimed to identify biomarkers that signal immune changes associated with early AUDIT score risk, where interventions may be most effective. Luminex multiplex immunoassays quantified 14 immune-related mediators in combined cell lysates and supernatants. IL-1β, IL-18, IL-7 and CCL11 were significantly elevated in individuals with higher AUDIT scores. IL-1β showed the largest effect size (Cohen's d) and was the most consistent predictor of both AUDIT and AUDIT-Consumption (AUDIT-C) scores across random forest and linear regression analyses. Moderated multiple regression (MMR) confirmed that IL-1β predicted both scores independent of other immune mediators. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses demonstrated discriminative potential, with IL-1β achieving an AUC of 0.81 (good discrimination) for AUDIT ≥ 6 (true positive rate [TPR] = 0.71; false positive rate [FPR] = 0.14) and an AUC of 0.94 (excellent discrimination) for AUDIT-C thresholds (TPR = 0.80; FPR = 0.00). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed greater immune variability in the high-risk group, particularly among proinflammatory mediators, suggesting immune dysregulation. This study demonstrates the utility of integrating whole blood immune profiling with high-sensitivity multiplex immunoassays, and applying both traditional statistical methods and machine learning to explore potential biomarkers for AUD risk. IL-1β is a statistically robust and clinically relevant candidate biomarker of AUD risk assessed by AUDIT scores. These findings require replication in larger, independent samples to determine their translational potential in addiction medicine.