Long-term physical capacity following COVID-19: A prospective, three-year study

Abstract

Objectives

COVID-19 impacts physical and respiratory health, and the clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic cases to severe infections requiring hospitalisation. While the long-term effects on lung function and physical capacity are well-documented in moderate to severe cases, the long-term outcome for individuals with mild COVID-19 remains poorly understood. This study investigates the long-term recovery of physical capacity and breathlessness among both hospitalised and non-hospitalised individuals.

Methods

This prospective cohort study enrolled individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between April 2020 and May 2021 through the CoVUm-study. Participants underwent assessments of lung function at 3–6 months after infection and attended follow-ups up to three years post-infection. Physical capacity was evaluated at follow-ups, using the one-minute sit-to-stand test and the modified Medical Research Council scale to assess breathlessness.

Results

The cohort included 291 participants, 35% of whom were hospitalised during SARS-CoV-2 infection. At the 3-year follow-up, 191 participants completed the physical capacity test and 179 had an assessment of breathlessness. Physical capacity improved significantly in the total cohort up to two years post-infection, where improvement plateaued. Hospitalisation and impaired diffusing capacity were significantly associated with reduced physical capacity (beta –6.4, p < 0.001; beta –8.9, p < 0.001, respectively) and breathlessness (beta 3.9, p < 0.001; beta 1.6, p = 0.012, respectively). While non-hospitalised participants demonstrated improvements in physical capacity for up to two years, improvement for hospitalised individuals plateaued by six months.

Conclusion

Hospitalisation and impaired diffusing capacity are strong independent predictors of reduced physical capacity and persistent breathlessness up to three years post-infection. Non-hospitalised individuals also experience long-term reductions in physical capacity, underscoring the need for targeted rehabilitation strategies.