Toughening of thermoset matrix: effect of triblock copolymer addition and block sequence of PEG and PPG on phase morphology

Abstract

In this study, an epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) was modified with triblock copolymers: poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(propylene glycol)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-PPG-PEG) or PPG-PEG-PPG, with 10 wt% PEG in their structure, referred to as EPE and PEP, respectively. The aim was to evaluate the influence of the PEG and PPG block sequence on the phase morphology and enhance the fracture toughness of the thermoset matrix. Scanning electron microscopy revealed immiscibility for PEP systems and partially miscible to immiscible behavior for EPE systems, depending on the mass fraction used. The EPE fraction reduced the size of the dispersed phase, while the PPG end-group block sequence in PEP suppressed coalescence, stabilizing the dispersion and decreasing dispersed phase size. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a reduction of ca 20 °C in the glass transition temperature for the EPE systems, while for the PEP systems there were no significant changes, corroborating the immiscible system found in microscopy. Analysis of the mechanical properties revealed that incorporating the copolymer enhanced fracture energy absorption, as demonstrated by the increased toughness (up to 41%) compared to the neat epoxy. Systems with smaller spherical/ellipsoidal domains exhibited greater toughness, indicating that particle distribution and size significantly influence the material's toughness. Regarding tensile results, a reduction in tensile strength values was observed for all modified systems, especially for the EPE-10 system. These findings underscore the significance of the block sequence in triblock copolymers, emphasizing the importance of tailoring specific morphologies to enhance mechanical properties. © 2025 The Author(s). Polymer International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.