Agaricales from Antarctica: Diversity of basidiomata, research challenges, and future perspectives in polar environments

Abstract

Fungi of the order Agaricales, traditionally associated with forest ecosystems, have also been recorded in extreme environments such as Antarctica, where their diversity and ecological roles remain largely unexplored. This study compiles and analyzes existing knowledge on Antarctic Agaricales. Records reveal 21 species forming basidiomata in the region, including genera like Arrhenia, Galerina, Lichenomphalia, Omphalina, Pholiota, Rickenella, Rimbachia and Simocybe, typically linked to bryophyte mats and vascular plants. Recent studies have advanced knowledge by incorporating molecular techniques into traditional taxonomy. Despite these advances, the group remains taxonomically underrepresented due to challenges like scarce fertile basidiomata, cultivation difficulties and limited reference sequences. Future perspectives include applying high-throughput sequencing, increasing international collaboration and strengthening collections and expertise, which are crucial to overcoming current limitations. An integrative and collaborative approach can enhance fungal taxonomy and ecology while contributing to broader discussions on biodiversity, ecosystem function and biotechnological applications in polar regions.