Enhanced short-duration precipitation and divergent rainfall spatial patterns of Typhoon Nida (2016) under the impact of urbanization

Xiaowen Huang , Long Yang , Laurent Z.X. Li , Dashan Wang , Maofeng Liu , Yibing Su , Zhenzhong Zeng
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Abstract

Tropical cyclones (TCs), when approaching coasts and after landfalling, may exhibit significant interactions with heavily urbanized surfaces. Despite numerous studies, the effects of urbanization on TCs and their landfalling processes remain insufficiently explored. Typhoon Nida, landfalling in the Pearl River Delta region on August 1, 2016, provides an interesting case for us to revisit the issue. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting model in paired numerical experiments to isolate the urban effects. Urban land cover has a small impact on the track and the intensity of the typhoon. Urban effect on landfalling precipitation in this event is mainly profound in changing rainfall spatial patterns rather than the average rain rate. The accumulated precipitation and the rain rate of the major urban area are reduced. During different stages of the TC rapid movement, enhanced precipitation is observed at the downwind and upwind regions within a short duration. The increase in surface temperature and sensible heat flux enhances thermal circulation; however, this effect is weakened under the strong synoptic background during landfall. Increasing urban surface roughness decelerates airflows and enhances updrafts along the urban boundaries, producing enhanced water vapor convergence and bifurcated winds, increasing downwind precipitation with a maximum value of 46.17 mm in 6 h. Throughout the TC rapid movement, urban modification on precipitation patterns displays high spatial variability over short periods. The study raises concern about more extreme hazards occurring in multiple locations over urban areas caused by urban-induced TC rainfall redistribution.

Abstract Image

城市化影响下台风妮妲(2016)短时降水增强及降水空间格局辐散
热带气旋(TCs)在接近海岸和登陆后,可能与高度城市化的地表表现出显著的相互作用。尽管进行了大量研究,但城市化对tc及其降落过程的影响仍未得到充分探讨。台风妮妲于2016年8月1日登陆珠江三角洲地区,为我们重新审视这个问题提供了一个有趣的案例。我们在配对数值实验中使用天气研究与预报模式来隔离城市效应。城市土地覆盖对台风的路径和强度影响较小。此次事件中,城市对登陆降水的影响主要体现在降雨空间格局的改变上,而非平均降雨量的改变。主要城区的累积降水和降雨量减少。在TC快速移动的不同阶段,降水在短时间内均在顺风和顺风区域增强。地表温度和感热通量的增加增强了热循环;然而,在强天气背景下,这种影响在登陆时减弱。随着城市地表粗糙度的增加,沿城市边界的气流减速和上升气流增强,水汽辐合和分岔风增强,下风降水增加,6 h最大值为46.17 mm。在整个TC快速运动过程中,城市对降水模式的改变在短时间内表现出较高的空间变异性。这项研究引起了人们的关注,即由城市引起的高温降雨再分配导致的更多极端灾害在城市地区的多个地点发生。
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