Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods

IF 4.1 3区地球科学 Q2 GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Pub Date : 2025-09-10 DOI:10.1016/j.pce.2025.104105

Wen Zhou , Amizatulhani Abdullah , Shu Ing Doh , Jing Chen

{"title":"Comparative review on vertical deformation in deep excavations: Insights from BU and TD methods","authors":"Wen Zhou , Amizatulhani Abdullah , Shu Ing Doh , Jing Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pce.2025.104105","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid pace of urbanization, controlling vertical deformation in deep excavations has become increasingly important. This study reviews over one hundred recent publications and systematically compares the Bottom-up (BU) and Top-down (TD) methods using four key indicators: surface settlement, vertical displacement of retaining walls, column settlement, and basal heave. BU features a simple construction sequence and stable column behavior but is prone to greater settlement and heave when support stiffness or dewatering is insufficient. TD, by casting floor slabs in advance, reduces surface settlement by approximately 21 %–26 % and basal heave by 14.1 %–38.6 %, yet increases column settlement by 16.7 %, showing a two-stage “initial uplift–subsequent settlement” response. When surface settlement is normalized as the settlement-to-depth ratio, BU curves can be unified into a single design envelope, while vertical displacement of retaining walls, column settlement, and basal heave exhibit distinct evolution patterns. This review establishes a unified settlement envelope and a concise multi-indicator comparative dataset, providing practical reference for excavation scheme selection and optimization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54616,"journal":{"name":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","volume":"141 ","pages":"Article 104105"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Physics and Chemistry of the Earth","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706525002554","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"GEOSCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

With the rapid pace of urbanization, controlling vertical deformation in deep excavations has become increasingly important. This study reviews over one hundred recent publications and systematically compares the Bottom-up (BU) and Top-down (TD) methods using four key indicators: surface settlement, vertical displacement of retaining walls, column settlement, and basal heave. BU features a simple construction sequence and stable column behavior but is prone to greater settlement and heave when support stiffness or dewatering is insufficient. TD, by casting floor slabs in advance, reduces surface settlement by approximately 21 %–26 % and basal heave by 14.1 %–38.6 %, yet increases column settlement by 16.7 %, showing a two-stage “initial uplift–subsequent settlement” response. When surface settlement is normalized as the settlement-to-depth ratio, BU curves can be unified into a single design envelope, while vertical displacement of retaining walls, column settlement, and basal heave exhibit distinct evolution patterns. This review establishes a unified settlement envelope and a concise multi-indicator comparative dataset, providing practical reference for excavation scheme selection and optimization.

查看原文本刊更多论文

深基坑竖向变形的比较研究：来自BU和TD方法的启示

随着城市化进程的加快，控制深基坑的竖向变形变得越来越重要。本研究回顾了一百多篇最近的出版物，并系统地比较了自下而上（BU）和自上而下（TD）的方法，使用四个关键指标：地表沉降、挡土墙垂直位移、柱沉降和基底隆起。BU结构施工顺序简单，柱性稳定，但在支撑刚度不足或脱水不足时，容易出现较大的沉降和隆起。TD通过提前浇筑楼板，减少了约21% - 26%的地表沉降和14.1% - 38.6%的基底隆起，但增加了16.7%的柱沉降，呈现出“初始隆起-随后沉降”的两阶段反应。当地表沉降归一化为沉降深度比时，BU曲线可以统一为一个设计包络线，挡土墙竖向位移、柱沉降、基底隆起呈现出不同的演化模式。本文建立了统一的沉降包络线和简洁的多指标对比数据集，为开挖方案的选择和优化提供了实用参考。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 地学-地球科学综合

CiteScore

5.40

自引率

2.70%

发文量

176

审稿时长

31.6 weeks

期刊介绍： Physics and Chemistry of the Earth is an international interdisciplinary journal for the rapid publication of collections of refereed communications in separate thematic issues, either stemming from scientific meetings, or, especially compiled for the occasion. There is no restriction on the length of articles published in the journal. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth incorporates the separate Parts A, B and C which existed until the end of 2001. Please note: the Editors are unable to consider submissions that are not invited or linked to a thematic issue. Please do not submit unsolicited papers. The journal covers the following subject areas: -Solid Earth and Geodesy: (geology, geochemistry, tectonophysics, seismology, volcanology, palaeomagnetism and rock magnetism, electromagnetism and potential fields, marine and environmental geosciences as well as geodesy). -Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere: (hydrology and water resources research, engineering and management, oceanography and oceanic chemistry, shelf, sea, lake and river sciences, meteorology and atmospheric sciences incl. chemistry as well as climatology and glaciology). -Solar-Terrestrial and Planetary Science: (solar, heliospheric and solar-planetary sciences, geology, geophysics and atmospheric sciences of planets, satellites and small bodies as well as cosmochemistry and exobiology).