Process-structure-property relationships of binder jetted 17–4 PH stainless steel

IF 5.5 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CHARACTERIZATION & TESTING

Materials Characterization Pub Date : 2025-09-05 DOI:10.1016/j.matchar.2025.115539

Meisam Khademitab , Sooraj Patel , Joseph Agyapong , Solomon Hanson Duntu , Julian E.C. Sabisch , Mike Heim , Antonio J. Gradi , Solomon Boakye-Yiadom , Iman Ghamarian , Amir Mostafaei

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Abstract

This study investigates the microstructural evolution of binder jetted 17–4 PH stainless steel, focusing on the effects of sintering temperature on grain and pore development, phase transformation, and Cu precipitation. Fully densified specimens (>99.5 %) underwent solution annealing (1055 °C for 2 h) and aging (482 °C for 1 h) to assess microstructure refinement and mechanical property enhancements. Sintered samples above 1380 °C exhibited a continuous δ-ferrite network along α՛-martensitic grains, with Cu-rich precipitates localized in the ferritic phase. Solution annealing redistributed alloying elements, reducing ferrite network continuity and improving ductility (3.4 % in sintered vs. 20.5 % in aged) and yield strength (875 MPa in sintered vs. 995 MPa in aged) with minimal impact on ultimate tensile strength (1274 MPa in sintered vs. 1241 MPa in aged). Solution and aging treatments promoted formation of coherent Cu nano-precipitate (<5 nm) and increased dislocation distribution density after tensile testing, as observed via transmission electron microscopy. Vickers microhardness enhanced from 380 HV₁ in sintered condition to 431 HV₁ after solution and aging treatments. Fracture analysis revealed brittle, intergranular failure in specimens sintered at 1400 °C, whereas those sintered at 1360 °C exhibited a mixed brittle-ductile fracture. Aging refined microstructure, promoting ductile fracture with well-defined dimples, as confirmed by electron microscopy and micro-computed tomography observations.

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粘结剂喷射17-4 PH不锈钢的工艺-结构-性能关系

研究了粘结剂喷射17-4 PH不锈钢的微观组织演变，重点研究了烧结温度对晶粒和孔隙发育、相变和Cu析出的影响。完全致密的试样（99.5%）经过溶液退火（1055°C 2 h）和时效（482°C 1 h）来评估微观组织的细化和力学性能的增强。1380℃以上的烧结试样沿α -马氏体晶粒呈连续的δ-铁素体网络，富cu析出物位于铁素体相中。固溶退火重新分配了合金元素，降低了铁素体网络的连续性，提高了延展性（烧结时为3.4%，时效时为20.5%）和屈服强度（烧结时为875 MPa，时效时为995 MPa），对极限抗拉强度的影响最小（烧结时为1274 MPa，时效时为1241 MPa）。通过透射电镜观察，固溶和时效处理促进了Cu纳米相（< 5nm）的形成，并增加了拉伸测试后的位错分布密度。显微维氏硬度由烧结状态下的380 HV1提高到固溶时效处理后的431 HV1。断裂分析显示，在1400℃下烧结的试样呈脆性、晶间断裂，而在1360℃下烧结的试样呈脆性-韧性混合断裂。经电子显微镜和显微计算机断层扫描观察证实，时效细化了显微组织，促进了具有良好定义的韧窝的韧性断裂。

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来源期刊

Materials Characterization 工程技术-材料科学：表征与测试

CiteScore

7.60

自引率

8.50%

发文量

746

审稿时长

36 days

期刊介绍： Materials Characterization features original articles and state-of-the-art reviews on theoretical and practical aspects of the structure and behaviour of materials. The Journal focuses on all characterization techniques, including all forms of microscopy (light, electron, acoustic, etc.,) and analysis (especially microanalysis and surface analytical techniques). Developments in both this wide range of techniques and their application to the quantification of the microstructure of materials are essential facets of the Journal. The Journal provides the Materials Scientist/Engineer with up-to-date information on many types of materials with an underlying theme of explaining the behavior of materials using novel approaches. Materials covered by the journal include: Metals & Alloys Ceramics Nanomaterials Biomedical materials Optical materials Composites Natural Materials.