Lateralized differences in ultrasonic courtship songs and their impact on reproductive strategies in Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

Abstract

BACKGROUND Lateralized courtship behaviors in Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) play a pivotal role in reproductive success. However, the variation in ultrasonic courtship sounds produced by males during these lateralized displays, and their subsequent impact on mating success, remain unexplored. To address this gap, this study examined differences in the ultrasonic courtship song characteristics of left- and right-biased courtship displays and their influence on mating outcomes. Mating trials were conducted to record and analyze variations in ultrasonic courtship songs behaviours and associated acoustic parameters, including dominant frequencies, pulse durations, pulse intervals, and the number of pulses emitted during left- and right-biased displays, as defined by the male's turning direction during copulation attempts. RESULTS Our findings revealed that left-biased ultrasonic songs featured shorter pulse durations, tighter inter-pulse intervals, and dominant frequencies between 55 and 65 kHz. These acoustic traits closely matched profiles observed in successful mating events, whereas right-biased emissions (65-80 kHz) were frequently associated with unsuccessful mating attempts. Left-biased songs of shorter duration (28-38 s) were positively correlated with greater mating success, whereas the longer durations observed in right-biased displays (40-60 s) were linked to lower mating success. Moreover, males exhibiting left-biased courtship behavior required fewer mating attempts to achieve successful copulation. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first clear evidence of lateralized ultrasonic courtship behavior in O. furnacalis, with left-biased displays conferring a reproductive advantage. The findings highlight the ecological and evolutionary importance of acoustic lateralization in moth communication. Future research should investigate how ecological factors such as predator-driven selection, habitat structure, and female sensory biases influence these lateralized courtship behaviors. Such understanding can directly support more effective, behaviorally informed pest control strategies. These results contribute to the development of targeted approaches, such as pheromone traps and acoustic interference. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.