{"title":"Alternative Techniques for Porous Microparticle Production: Electrospraying, Microfluidics, and Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>.","authors":"Simon Pöttgen, Christian Wischke","doi":"10.1007/s11095-025-03923-2","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microparticles have been established as injectable drug carriers designed to enable a long-term release of the encapsulated active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). To regulate this release, the diffusion barrier provided by the matrix material - typically hydrolytically degradable polyesters - must be controlled through precise levels of matrix porosity. This mini-review presents processing methods that are alternatives to the most common batch emulsification techniques for the manufacturing of porous polymer particles. A focus is placed on mechanistically describing the particle and pore formation in droplet-based microfluidics, electrospraying, and by supercritical fluids, critically discussing their opportunities and challenges. Ultimately, this review assesses the potential of these techniques in advancing the engineering of porous polymeric carrier systems in the light of scale-up and continuous production.</p>","PeriodicalId":20027,"journal":{"name":"Pharmaceutical Research","volume":" ","pages":"1461-1480"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Pharmaceutical Research","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-025-03923-2","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/9/11 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Microparticles have been established as injectable drug carriers designed to enable a long-term release of the encapsulated active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). To regulate this release, the diffusion barrier provided by the matrix material - typically hydrolytically degradable polyesters - must be controlled through precise levels of matrix porosity. This mini-review presents processing methods that are alternatives to the most common batch emulsification techniques for the manufacturing of porous polymer particles. A focus is placed on mechanistically describing the particle and pore formation in droplet-based microfluidics, electrospraying, and by supercritical fluids, critically discussing their opportunities and challenges. Ultimately, this review assesses the potential of these techniques in advancing the engineering of porous polymeric carrier systems in the light of scale-up and continuous production.
期刊介绍：
Pharmaceutical Research, an official journal of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, is committed to publishing novel research that is mechanism-based, hypothesis-driven and addresses significant issues in drug discovery, development and regulation. Current areas of interest include, but are not limited to:
-(pre)formulation engineering and processing-
computational biopharmaceutics-
drug delivery and targeting-
molecular biopharmaceutics and drug disposition (including cellular and molecular pharmacology)-
pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics.
Research may involve nonclinical and clinical studies, and utilize both in vitro and in vivo approaches. Studies on small drug molecules, pharmaceutical solid materials (including biomaterials, polymers and nanoparticles) biotechnology products (including genes, peptides, proteins and vaccines), and genetically engineered cells are welcome.
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