Persistent Off-Season Dysregulation of Memory B Cell Subsets in Allergic Rhinitis

IF 4 2区医学 Q2 ALLERGY

Clinical and Translational Allergy Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI:10.1002/clt2.70100

Maryam Jafari, Eric Hjalmarsson, Laila Hellkvist, Eirini Paziou, Agnetha Karlsson, Susanna Kumlien Georén, Lars-Olaf Cardell

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Abstract

Introduction

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common allergic airway disease. Although B cells play essential roles in AR pathogenesis, their subset distribution outside the allergen exposure period remains poorly characterized.

Objective

To profile peripheral blood B cell subsets in AR patients during the pollen-free season and compare them with healthy controls (HC), aiming to identify persistent immunological alterations and potential biomarkers.

Methods

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from a total of 28 participants, 14 patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and 14 healthy controls (HC) during the off-season. B cell subsets were identified using flow cytometry based on IgD and CD27 expression, classifying cells as naïve (IgD⁺CD27⁻), unswitched memory (IgD⁺CD27⁺), switched/conventional memory (IgD⁻CD27⁺), and unconventional memory B cells (IgD⁻CD27⁻). CD38 and CD24 were utilized to further distinguish transitional, naïve, memory, and plasma cell phenotypes. Immunoglobulin isotypes (IgG1-4, IgA1⁺/IgA2⁺) were assessed specifically within conventional memory B cells, while CD86 expression was evaluated on IgM⁺ memory-like and naïve B cells. Additionally, kappa (κ) and lambda (λ) light chain usage was analyzed to assess light chain distribution.

Results

AR patients displayed lower frequencies of IgG1⁺, IgG2⁺, and IgA1⁺/IgA2⁺ memory B cells, along with elevated frequencies of IgG4⁺ and κ⁺ B cells. Additionally, CD86⁺IgM⁺ memory-like B cells were significantly reduced in AR, suggesting altered activation dynamics. No significant differences were observed in CD24/CD38 profiling.

Conclusion

Even outside allergen exposure, AR patients exhibit systemic B cell dysregulation, characterized by skewed class switching, altered subset distribution, and reduced activation markers expression. These findings underscore persistent immune imbalance in AR, identify potential off-season biomarkers of allergic inflammation.

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变应性鼻炎中记忆B细胞亚群的持续淡季失调

过敏性鼻炎（Allergic rhinitis， AR）是一种常见的过敏性气道疾病。尽管B细胞在AR发病机制中起重要作用，但其在过敏原暴露期外的亚群分布仍不清楚。目的分析AR患者在无花粉季节的外周血B细胞亚群，并与健康对照（HC）进行比较，以确定持续的免疫改变和潜在的生物标志物。方法在淡季采集28例受试者、14例变应性鼻炎（AR）患者和14例健康对照（HC）的外周血单个核细胞（PBMCs）。利用基于IgD和CD27表达的流式细胞术鉴定B细胞亚群，将细胞分类为naïve （IgD+CD27−）、未切换记忆（IgD+CD27+）、切换/传统记忆（IgD - CD27+）和非常规记忆B细胞（IgD - CD27−）。CD38和CD24被用来进一步区分过渡性、naïve、记忆和浆细胞表型。免疫球蛋白同型（IgG1-4, IgA1+/IgA2+）在常规记忆B细胞中特异性评估，而CD86在IgM+记忆样和naïve B细胞中表达评估。此外，还分析了kappa （κ）和lambda （λ）轻链的使用情况，以评估轻链的分布。结果AR患者IgG1+、IgG2+和IgA1+/IgA2+记忆B细胞频率较低，IgG4+和κ+ B细胞频率较高。此外，CD86+IgM+记忆样B细胞在AR中显著减少，表明激活动力学发生了改变。在CD24/CD38分析中未观察到显著差异。结论：即使暴露于外部过敏原，AR患者也表现出全身性B细胞失调，其特征是类别转换偏转、亚群分布改变和激活标记物表达降低。这些发现强调了AR中持续的免疫失衡，确定了过敏性炎症的潜在淡季生物标志物。

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来源期刊

Clinical and Translational Allergy Immunology and Microbiology-Immunology

CiteScore

7.50

自引率

4.50%

发文量

117

审稿时长

12 weeks

期刊介绍： Clinical and Translational Allergy, one of several journals in the portfolio of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, provides a platform for the dissemination of allergy research and reviews, as well as EAACI position papers, task force reports and guidelines, amongst an international scientific audience. Clinical and Translational Allergy accepts clinical and translational research in the following areas and other related topics: asthma, rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, drug hypersensitivity, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic skin diseases, atopic eczema, urticaria, angioedema, venom hypersensitivity, anaphylaxis, food allergy, immunotherapy, immune modulators and biologics, animal models of allergic disease, immune mechanisms, or any other topic related to allergic disease.