Karst groundwater flow of Fold-thrust belt in Eastern Sichuan basin, China

IF 2.8 4区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Yayi Li, Qiang Xia, Mo Xu, Kunle Adefarati Ibrahim, Cong Cao, Jihong Qi, Baiping Xu
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Abstract

The fold-thrust belt in eastern Sichuan exhibits a unique Jura-type Mountain landscape, characterized by the development of the Middle and Lower Triassic karst aquifers within anticlines (T2l and T1j formations, respectively), where both cold and warm springs are present. However, previous studies have focused primarily on warm spring genesis, neglecting a comprehensive understanding from the perspective of groundwater flow system. This study integrates regional tectonic settings, karst hydrogeology and diverse groundwater sample data (karst cold springs, warm springs, boreholes, tunnel drainage, and deep wells). Hydrochemistry, stable isotopes (δ²H, δ¹⁸O), and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) and tritium (³H) age analyses reveal a three-level nested karst groundwater flow system. Enrichment of Mg2+ in the groundwater is one effective indicator of a longer residence time in karst aquifers, which can be used to identify and divide the hierarchically flow system. Additionally, age analysis indicates a regional groundwater system over 10,000 years old, an intermediate system spanning a century, and a local flow system comprising modern water. Finally, we proposed a conceptual model of a hierarchically nested karst groundwater flow pattern: regional thermal water primarily originates from high-altitude rainfall, emerging as medium-low temperature warm springs in the gorges or drained by boreholes. Local flow systems, recharged by near source, manifest as karst cold springs in the shallow-cut valleys, with intermediate flow systems developing in between. This study deepens the understanding of the karst groundwater circulation laws in high-steep anticline areas, and enriches the application of the Tóth multi-level nested flow system theory, and provides an important scientific basis for the evaluation, management, and protection of regional groundwater resources.

川东盆地褶皱冲断带岩溶地下水流动特征
川东褶皱冲断带具有独特的侏罗式山地景观,背斜内发育中、下三叠统岩溶含水层(分别为t21组和T1j组),冷泉和温泉均存在。然而,以往的研究主要集中在温泉成因上,忽视了从地下水流动系统角度的全面认识。本研究综合了区域构造背景、岩溶水文地质和多种地下水样品资料(岩溶冷泉、温泉、钻孔、隧道排水和深井)。水化学、稳定同位素(δ²H, δ¹⁸O)、放射性碳(¹⁴C)和氚(³H)年龄分析揭示了一个三层嵌套岩溶地下水流动系统。地下水中Mg2+的富集是喀斯特含水层停留时间较长的有效指标,可用于识别和划分分层流动系统。此外,年龄分析表明,区域地下水系统有超过1万年的历史,中间系统跨越一个世纪,局部流动系统包括现代水。最后,我们提出了一个分层嵌套岩溶地下水流动模式的概念模型:区域热水主要来源于高海拔降水,以中低温温泉水的形式出现在峡谷中或由钻孔排出。由近源补给的局部流系统在浅切河谷中表现为喀斯特冷泉,中间流系统在两者之间发育。本研究加深了对高陡背斜地区岩溶地下水循环规律的认识,丰富了Tóth多层次嵌套流系统理论的应用,为区域地下水资源的评价、管理和保护提供了重要的科学依据。
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来源期刊
Environmental Earth Sciences
Environmental Earth Sciences 环境科学-地球科学综合
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
3.60%
发文量
494
审稿时长
8.3 months
期刊介绍: Environmental Earth Sciences is an international multidisciplinary journal concerned with all aspects of interaction between humans, natural resources, ecosystems, special climates or unique geographic zones, and the earth: Water and soil contamination caused by waste management and disposal practices Environmental problems associated with transportation by land, air, or water Geological processes that may impact biosystems or humans Man-made or naturally occurring geological or hydrological hazards Environmental problems associated with the recovery of materials from the earth Environmental problems caused by extraction of minerals, coal, and ores, as well as oil and gas, water and alternative energy sources Environmental impacts of exploration and recultivation – Environmental impacts of hazardous materials Management of environmental data and information in data banks and information systems Dissemination of knowledge on techniques, methods, approaches and experiences to improve and remediate the environment In pursuit of these topics, the geoscientific disciplines are invited to contribute their knowledge and experience. Major disciplines include: hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, geochemistry, geophysics, engineering geology, remediation science, natural resources management, environmental climatology and biota, environmental geography, soil science and geomicrobiology.
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