{"title":"One-dimensional titanium dioxide nanotube arrays for hydrogen generation","authors":"Swarna Lakshmi Rajendran, Viswanathan Alagan","doi":"10.1007/s12039-025-02420-8","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The ever-increasing global energy demand has necessitated alternate sources of energy. Photoelectrochemical water splitting proved to be a viable method of green hydrogen production. In the present study, four different one-dimensional titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TNAs) were fabricated by varying the time duration of the second anodization. The highly ordered TNAs proved to be potential photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting, for production of hydrogen. The fabricated TNAs were confirmed as stable anatase crystal structures using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The TNAs showed an increase in length with an increase in anodization time. The morphological studies revealed the formation of the one-dimensional tube-like morphology of TNAs with lengths varying from 1.41 μm to 6.35 μm. The increased length and one-dimensional nanotube formation implied an increased number of active sites and an increased surface-to-volume ratio. The observed increase in photocurrent may be attributed to increased electrode–electrolyte interfacial area, where charge and mass transport occured. The band-gap of the TNAs showed a minimal progressive decrease with an increase in anodization time. The oxidation states of the constituent elements were confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Contact angle measurement indicated a transition from slight hydrophobicity to slight hydrophilicity with an increase in the anodization time of the TNAs. Electrochemical studies of TNAs exhibited increased photo-response with an increase in anodization time. The influence of anodization time on the characteristics of TNAs is explored in this study.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><p>TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotube Arrays (TNAs) were synthesized by two – step anodization method, by varying second anodization time. The TNAs were tested for their efficacy as photo-anode, following exhaustive characterization techniques. The activity of the potential photoanodes for PEC water splitting was analyzed using LSV, CA, EIS and Tafel plots\n</p><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":616,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Chemical Sciences","volume":"137 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Chemical Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12039-025-02420-8","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The ever-increasing global energy demand has necessitated alternate sources of energy. Photoelectrochemical water splitting proved to be a viable method of green hydrogen production. In the present study, four different one-dimensional titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TNAs) were fabricated by varying the time duration of the second anodization. The highly ordered TNAs proved to be potential photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting, for production of hydrogen. The fabricated TNAs were confirmed as stable anatase crystal structures using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy analysis. The TNAs showed an increase in length with an increase in anodization time. The morphological studies revealed the formation of the one-dimensional tube-like morphology of TNAs with lengths varying from 1.41 μm to 6.35 μm. The increased length and one-dimensional nanotube formation implied an increased number of active sites and an increased surface-to-volume ratio. The observed increase in photocurrent may be attributed to increased electrode–electrolyte interfacial area, where charge and mass transport occured. The band-gap of the TNAs showed a minimal progressive decrease with an increase in anodization time. The oxidation states of the constituent elements were confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Contact angle measurement indicated a transition from slight hydrophobicity to slight hydrophilicity with an increase in the anodization time of the TNAs. Electrochemical studies of TNAs exhibited increased photo-response with an increase in anodization time. The influence of anodization time on the characteristics of TNAs is explored in this study.
Graphical abstract
TiO2 Nanotube Arrays (TNAs) were synthesized by two – step anodization method, by varying second anodization time. The TNAs were tested for their efficacy as photo-anode, following exhaustive characterization techniques. The activity of the potential photoanodes for PEC water splitting was analyzed using LSV, CA, EIS and Tafel plots
期刊介绍：
Journal of Chemical Sciences is a monthly journal published by the Indian Academy of Sciences. It formed part of the original Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences – Part A, started by the Nobel Laureate Prof C V Raman in 1934, that was split in 1978 into three separate journals. It was renamed as Journal of Chemical Sciences in 2004. The journal publishes original research articles and rapid communications, covering all areas of chemical sciences. A significant feature of the journal is its special issues, brought out from time to time, devoted to conference symposia/proceedings in frontier areas of the subject, held not only in India but also in other countries.
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