Alaa Nihad Tuama, Khalid Haneen Abass, Bahaa H. Rabee, Raad Shaker Alnayl, Laith H. Alzubaidi, Zahraa N. Salman, Mohd Arif bin Agam
{"title":"Electron donors' approach to enhance photocatalytic hydrogen production of TiO2: a critical review","authors":"Alaa Nihad Tuama, Khalid Haneen Abass, Bahaa H. Rabee, Raad Shaker Alnayl, Laith H. Alzubaidi, Zahraa N. Salman, Mohd Arif bin Agam","doi":"10.1007/s11243-025-00663-5","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A sustainable solution to the intermittent nature of solar energy is using photocatalysts powered by sunlight to produce hydrogen from water, which offers a green substitute for fossil fuels. As the most promising semiconductor material for photocatalytic water splitting, TiO<sub>2</sub>-based nanomaterials have received increasing attention from researchers in academia and industry in recent years. However, challenges remain to be addressed, such as a large bandgap, electron–hole recombination, preparation imperfections, and the possibility of excessive H2 production. Several approaches, including the addition of electron donors, doping, and defect engineering have been studied to overcome these constraints and enhance TiO<sub>2</sub> performance. Here, we provide a concise overview of the various techniques used to synthesize TiO<sub>2</sub>-nanostructured photocatalyst. The present study also provides an overview of recent studies on the various factors influencing the photocatalytic process that produces H2 through water splitting. Important properties of photocatalysts include surface chemistry, particle size, pH, temperature, light source, electron donors, band gap, and the synthesis of both pure and doped TiO<sub>2</sub> photocatalyst materials are also discussed. Additionally, a comparative hydrogen generation rate is tabulated to get insight into the most effective synthesis process and type of TiO<sub>2</sub> for effective photocatalysis.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":803,"journal":{"name":"Transition Metal Chemistry","volume":"50 5","pages":"863 - 882"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Transition Metal Chemistry","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11243-025-00663-5","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC & NUCLEAR","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
A sustainable solution to the intermittent nature of solar energy is using photocatalysts powered by sunlight to produce hydrogen from water, which offers a green substitute for fossil fuels. As the most promising semiconductor material for photocatalytic water splitting, TiO2-based nanomaterials have received increasing attention from researchers in academia and industry in recent years. However, challenges remain to be addressed, such as a large bandgap, electron–hole recombination, preparation imperfections, and the possibility of excessive H2 production. Several approaches, including the addition of electron donors, doping, and defect engineering have been studied to overcome these constraints and enhance TiO2 performance. Here, we provide a concise overview of the various techniques used to synthesize TiO2-nanostructured photocatalyst. The present study also provides an overview of recent studies on the various factors influencing the photocatalytic process that produces H2 through water splitting. Important properties of photocatalysts include surface chemistry, particle size, pH, temperature, light source, electron donors, band gap, and the synthesis of both pure and doped TiO2 photocatalyst materials are also discussed. Additionally, a comparative hydrogen generation rate is tabulated to get insight into the most effective synthesis process and type of TiO2 for effective photocatalysis.
期刊介绍：
Transition Metal Chemistry is an international journal designed to deal with all aspects of the subject embodied in the title: the preparation of transition metal-based molecular compounds of all kinds (including complexes of the Group 12 elements), their structural, physical, kinetic, catalytic and biological properties, their use in chemical synthesis as well as their application in the widest context, their role in naturally occurring systems etc.
Manuscripts submitted to the journal should be of broad appeal to the readership and for this reason, papers which are confined to more specialised studies such as the measurement of solution phase equilibria or thermal decomposition studies, or papers which include extensive material on f-block elements, or papers dealing with non-molecular materials, will not normally be considered for publication. Work describing new ligands or coordination geometries must provide sufficient evidence for the confident assignment of structural formulae; this will usually take the form of one or more X-ray crystal structures.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
