Blocking T-type calcium channels disrupts spermatogenesis in vivo and adversely affects spermatocytes in vitro by impairing mitochondrial function and autophagic flux
Xiuling Zhao , Lei Wang , Shiqin Huang , Lin Liu , Xiaorong Wang , Liping Pu , Hao Chen , Junyu Nie
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
T-type calcium channels are pivotal in spermatogenesis. To evaluate the molecular mechanisms by which T-type calcium channels regulate spermatogenesis, we constructed animal and cellular models using T-type calcium channel inhibitor flunarizine (FNZ). Intraperitoneal administration of FNZ (30 mg/kg) significantly impaired sperm motility, inhibited testicular germ cell proliferation, and disrupted sperm mitochondrial function in male mice. FNZ, at concentrations of 7.5 μM, 15 μM, and 30 μM, significantly inhibited mouse spermatocyte (GC-2) cells proliferation. The detrimental effects of FNZ were mediated through the disruption of calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, FNZ exposure resulted in the accumulation of autophagosomes and an upregulation of P62 protein, which is implicated in autophagic degradation. Notably, the autophagy activator Rapamycin (Rapa) was found to mitigate FNZ-induced cellular damage in GC-2 cells by enhancing autophagy process. Conversely, chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor that disrupts lysosomal degradation, corroborated the role of FNZ in autophagy modulation. Our results indicate that FNZ induces mitochondrial damage, impairs sperm motility and spermatocyte proliferation, and is accompanied by obstacles to autophagic flux.
期刊介绍:
Drawing from a large number of disciplines, Reproductive Toxicology publishes timely, original research on the influence of chemical and physical agents on reproduction. Written by and for obstetricians, pediatricians, embryologists, teratologists, geneticists, toxicologists, andrologists, and others interested in detecting potential reproductive hazards, the journal is a forum for communication among researchers and practitioners. Articles focus on the application of in vitro, animal and clinical research to the practice of clinical medicine.
All aspects of reproduction are within the scope of Reproductive Toxicology, including the formation and maturation of male and female gametes, sexual function, the events surrounding the fusion of gametes and the development of the fertilized ovum, nourishment and transport of the conceptus within the genital tract, implantation, embryogenesis, intrauterine growth, placentation and placental function, parturition, lactation and neonatal survival. Adverse reproductive effects in males will be considered as significant as adverse effects occurring in females. To provide a balanced presentation of approaches, equal emphasis will be given to clinical and animal or in vitro work. Typical end points that will be studied by contributors include infertility, sexual dysfunction, spontaneous abortion, malformations, abnormal histogenesis, stillbirth, intrauterine growth retardation, prematurity, behavioral abnormalities, and perinatal mortality.