Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness During the 2023/2024 Season: A Test-Negative Case–Control Study Among Emergency Hospital Admissions With Respiratory Conditions in Northern Ireland

IF 4.2 4区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Pub Date : 2025-09-10 DOI:10.1111/irv.70149

Magda Bucholc, Mark G. O'Doherty, Declan T. Bradley

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Abstract

Background

We evaluated the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine programme against infection among emergency hospital admissions with respiratory conditions in Northern Ireland during the 2023/2024 influenza season.

Methods

Using a test-negative design, we compared the odds of vaccination between patients who tested positive (cases) and negative (controls) for laboratory-confirmed influenza, adjusting for confounders. VE was stratified by age group, sex and time since vaccination.

Results

We included 2368 hospitalised patients, of whom 1740 (73.5%) were influenza positive. Among these, 1703 (97.9%) were influenza A and 37 (2.1%) were influenza B. Of the influenza A-positive specimens, 84 were A(H1), 268 A(H3) and 1351 were untyped influenza A. VE against all laboratory-confirmed influenza was 47.5% (95% CI: 31.3%–60.1%), including 65.2% (95% CI: 44.2%–78.6%) in children aged 2–17, 46% (95% CI: 7.8%–68.2%) in adults 18–64 and 39.5% (95% CI: 4.8%–62.1%) in adults aged 65 and over. VE against infection for influenza A was 45.8% (95% CI: 25.1%–61%) in all age groups, but 64.7% (95% CI: 42.6%–78.6%) among children aged 2–17, 43.9% (95% CI: 3.7%–67.1%) among adults aged 18–64 years old and 39.6% (95% CI: 5%–62.1%) in adults aged ≥ 65 years. Being vaccinated was associated with 44.2% (95% CI: −13.3%-73.1%) and 37.9% (95% CI: 5.5%–59.5%) reduced odds of influenza A(H1) and A(H3)-associated community-acquired emergency admissions. VE against infection for influenza B was 87.2% (95% CI: 43.1%–98.3%). VE was highest within 2–8 weeks of vaccination at 67.5% (95% CI: 42.7%–81.7%) and declined to 41.2% (95% CI: 14.8%–59.5%) at 9–16 weeks.

Conclusions

Influenza vaccines provided protection against influenza-associated illness across age groups during the 2023/2024 influenza season.

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2023/2024季节流感疫苗的有效性：北爱尔兰呼吸系统疾病急诊入院患者的检测阴性病例对照研究

背景：我们评估了2023/2024年流感季节期间北爱尔兰急诊住院呼吸道疾病患者中预防流感疫苗计划的有效性。方法：采用检测阴性设计，我们比较了实验室确诊流感检测阳性（病例）和阴性（对照）患者的疫苗接种几率，并对混杂因素进行了调整。VE按年龄组、性别和接种后时间进行分层。结果：我们纳入了2368例住院患者，其中1740例（73.5%）为流感阳性。其中甲型流感1703例（97.9%），乙型流感37例（2.1%）。甲型流感阳性标本中，甲型（H1） 84例，甲型（H3） 268例，非分型甲型流感1351例，对所有实验室确诊流感的VE阳性率为47.5% (95% CI: 31.3% ~ 60.1%)，其中2-17岁儿童65.2% (95% CI: 44.2% ~ 78.6%)， 18-64岁成人46% (95% CI: 7.8% ~ 68.2%)， 65岁及以上成人39.5% （95% CI: 4.8% ~ 62.1%）。所有年龄组对甲型流感感染的VE为45.8% (95% CI: 25.1%-61%)，但2-17岁儿童的VE为64.7% (95% CI: 42.6%-78.6%)， 18-64岁成人的VE为43.9% (95% CI: 3.7%-67.1%)，≥65岁成人的VE为39.6% （95% CI: 5%-62.1%）。接种疫苗与甲型流感（H1）和甲型流感（H3）相关的社区获得性急诊入院率分别降低44.2% （95% CI: -13.3%-73.1%）和37.9% （95% CI: 5.5%-59.5%）相关。抗乙型流感感染的VE为87.2% （95% CI: 43.1% ~ 98.3%）。疫苗接种2-8周时VE最高，为67.5% (95% CI: 42.7%-81.7%)， 9-16周时VE下降至41.2% （95% CI: 14.8%-59.5%）。结论：流感疫苗在2023/2024年流感季节为各年龄组提供了预防流感相关疾病的保护。

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来源期刊

Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 医学-病毒学

CiteScore

7.20

自引率

4.50%

发文量

120

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses is the official journal of the International Society of Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Diseases - an independent scientific professional society - dedicated to promoting the prevention, detection, treatment, and control of influenza and other respiratory virus diseases. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses is an Open Access journal. Copyright on any research article published by Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses is retained by the author(s). Authors grant Wiley a license to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher. Authors also grant any third party the right to use the article freely as long as its integrity is maintained and its original authors, citation details and publisher are identified.