Sustainable recycling of spent lead-acid batteries into perovskite thin films via inkjet printing for solar energy

IF 3.4 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Pub Date : 2025-05-15 DOI:10.1007/s13762-025-06466-6

A. M. Elseman, I. Ibrahim, M. M. Rashad

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Abstract

The disposal of spent lead-acid batteries represents a critical environmental challenge due to their toxic waste content. This study presents a sustainable solution by recycling lead from non-reusable lead-acid batteries to synthesize lead halides (PbX₂), key precursors for perovskite materials in solar cells. This innovative approach minimizes environmental pollution while converting hazardous waste into high-value materials for renewable energy applications. Lead halides (PbI₂, PbCl₂, PbBr₂) were synthesized under optimized conditions and characterized comprehensively using XRD, XPS, TEM, absorption spectroscopy, optical band gap analysis, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. These materials were then employed to fabricate CH₃NH₃PbI₃ thin films via inkjet printing at 1.0 M and 1.3 M concentrations. Structural and optical analyses of the thin films confirmed a tetragonal perovskite phase, with a reduction in crystallite size (36.8 to 31.3 nm) and a slight decrease in band gap (1.557 to 1.546 eV) at higher concentrations, enhancing light-harvesting properties. Additionally, a lead halide recovering cost assessment highlighted the economic viability of this recycling process. This scalable, eco-friendly approach offers a cost-effective pathway for sustainable solar energy technologies.

Graphical abstract

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通过喷墨打印将废铅酸电池可持续回收成钙钛矿薄膜，用于太阳能

废铅酸电池的处理是一个严峻的环境挑战，因为其有毒废物的内容。本研究提出了一种可持续的解决方案，即从不可重复使用的铅酸电池中回收铅，合成卤化铅（PbX2），这是太阳能电池中钙钛矿材料的关键前体。这种创新的方法最大限度地减少了环境污染，同时将危险废物转化为可再生能源应用的高价值材料。在优化条件下合成了卤化铅（PbI2, PbCl2, PbBr2），并利用XRD， XPS， TEM，吸收光谱，光学带隙分析和光致发光（PL）光谱对其进行了综合表征。然后利用这些材料在1.0 M和1.3 M浓度下通过喷墨打印制备CH3NH3PbI3薄膜。对薄膜的结构和光学分析证实了薄膜是一个四方钙钛矿相，在较高浓度下，晶体尺寸减小（36.8 ~ 31.3 nm），带隙略有减小（1.557 ~ 1.546 eV），增强了光捕获性能。此外，卤化铅回收成本评估强调了这种回收过程的经济可行性。这种可扩展的、环保的方法为可持续太阳能技术提供了一条经济有效的途径。图形抽象

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来源期刊

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

5.60

自引率

6.50%

发文量

806

审稿时长

10.8 months

期刊介绍： International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (IJEST) is an international scholarly refereed research journal which aims to promote the theory and practice of environmental science and technology, innovation, engineering and management. A broad outline of the journal''s scope includes: peer reviewed original research articles, case and technical reports, reviews and analyses papers, short communications and notes to the editor, in interdisciplinary information on the practice and status of research in environmental science and technology, both natural and man made. The main aspects of research areas include, but are not exclusive to; environmental chemistry and biology, environments pollution control and abatement technology, transport and fate of pollutants in the environment, concentrations and dispersion of wastes in air, water, and soil, point and non-point sources pollution, heavy metals and organic compounds in the environment, atmospheric pollutants and trace gases, solid and hazardous waste management; soil biodegradation and bioremediation of contaminated sites; environmental impact assessment, industrial ecology, ecological and human risk assessment; improved energy management and auditing efficiency and environmental standards and criteria.