Sustainable Biogenic Synthesis of Europium Oxide Nanoparticles from Durian Leaf Extract for Antibacterial and Antioxidant Application

Abstract

Europium oxide (Eu₂O₃) nanoparticles were biosynthesized using durian leaf extract via a biosynthesis technique. The structural properties were evaluated through XRD study, confirming a cubic structure with a regular crystallite size of 12 nm. Optical investigation using UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed an absorption peak at 258 nm, conforming to a band gap energy of 4 eV. The DLS and zeta potential analysis demonstrated a nanoparticles size 57 nm and a surface charge of –22.6 mV, indicating high stability and dispersion. Morphological analysis using HR-TEM inveterate the spherical shaped and monodispersed of Eu₂O₃ nanoparticles, with a regular size of 20 nm. FT-IR investigation recognized functional groups involved in nanoparticles formation and stability. Photoluminescence analysis showed emissions at 582, 617, 662 and 696 nm, with the dominant peak at 617 nm confirming the cubic structure. Antibacterial activity against B. anthracis and K. pneumonia exhibited higher efficacy for the gram-negative strain, attributed to smaller nanoparticles size and increased surface area. Antioxidant activity evaluated via DPPH assay showed effective free radical scavenging with an IC₅₀ value of 37.42 µg/mL. These results highlight the prospective of synthesized nanoparticles for biomedical and environmental applications due to their stability, small size, and enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant goods.