Comprehensive review on zinc oxide nanoparticle production and the associated antibacterial mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Abstract

The antibacterial (AB) properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have garnered significant global scientific interest, facilitated by advancements in nanotechnology that enable the production of particles within the nanometer scale. These ZnONPs have appealing antibacterial capabilities because of their increased specific surface area and reduced particle size, which increases particle surface reactivity. This review is about how antibacterial ZnONPs are. The scope encompasses testing methodologies, the impact of ultraviolet lighting, factors about ZnO particles such as size, concentration, shape, and defects, modifications to particle surfaces, and the determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations. The review concentrates on the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydroxyl radicals (OH^-), and peroxide (O₂^–2), with an emphasis on bactericidal and bacteriostatic processes. ROS substantially affects a wide range of processes, including the consumption of harmful zinc ions in solution, the enhancement of membrane permeability, and the absorption of NPs and cell walls. This ultimately prevents cell growth and triggers cell death by reducing mitochondrial strength, causing leakage within cells, and activating oxidative stress genes. In addition, this review covers ZnO NPs in food packaging, highlighting their role as antimicrobial barriers against pathogens.