Abnormal Uterine Bleeding, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, and Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescents.

Abstract

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), a common gynecologic concern in adolescents, often leads to significant physical and emotional distress. This article provides a comprehensive overview of AUB in adolescence, including classification, common causes, diagnosis, and management. The physiology of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is reviewed, highlighting its role in menstrual regulation and the immaturity-related anovulation that commonly contributes to AUB in the first 2 to 3 years after menarche. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics PALM-COEIN (polyp; adenomyosis; leiomyoma; malignancy and hyperplasia; coagulopathy; ovulatory dysfunction; endometrial; iatrogenic; and not yet classified) classification system is discussed, with emphasis on the nonstructural causes most relevant to adolescents, such as coagulopathies, ovulatory dysfunction, and iatrogenic factors. Anovulatory conditions, including hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and polycystic ovary syndrome, are reviewed in detail, as is heavy menstrual bleeding. Lastly, we review the psychosocial implications of AUB and opportunities for education and advocacy.