Biomedical Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Exploring Recent Advances in Therapeutics, Diagnostics, and Tissue Engineering.

Abstract

Carbon-based nanoparticles possess distinctive chemical, physical, and biological characteristics that render them suitable for biomedical uses. This paper reviews recent advancements in carbon-based nanomaterial (CBs) synthesis methods, emphasizing the importance of careful modification for biomedical uses, particularly in the passivation of drugs and chemicals on their surfaces. This review article examines information from 2021-2024 regarding carbon-based nanoparticles and the biomedical uses of graphene, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, nano horns, nanodiamonds, quantum dots, and graphene oxide. Initially, a total of 5,612 relevant data points from various databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were analyzed. After eliminating duplicates, nearly 3,905 data points were found to meet the inclusion criteria for this study, with the latest research indicating that 1,791 (45.8%) of these databases pertained to graphene. Carbon nanotubes accounted for approximately 928 (25.14%) databases, while graphene oxide represented around 837 (21.43%) databases, placing them in second and third positions, respectively. Nanohorns and fullerene were found in very minor quantities, specifically 34 (0.87%) and 06 (0.15%) in the database. CBNs, have the capacity to revolutionize biological medicine by improving regenerative treatments, personalized healthcare, and therapeutic outcomes. They are utilized in scaffolding, drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, and additional fields. Nonetheless, successful integration necessitates tackling scale and regulatory limitations.