Multivariate diagnostics of electrochemical sensor drift by in situ impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry: A benzenediol-based framework

IF 4.9 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research Pub Date : 2025-09-02 DOI:10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100871

Abhilash Krishnamurthy , Kristina Žagar Soderžnik

{"title":"Multivariate diagnostics of electrochemical sensor drift by in situ impedance spectroscopy and voltammetry: A benzenediol-based framework","authors":"Abhilash Krishnamurthy , Kristina Žagar Soderžnik","doi":"10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100871","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Performance drift in electrochemical sensors remains a challenge in long-term and/or corrosive applications. We present a generalisable<em>,</em> in situ diagnostic framework based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), using screen-printed electrodes (SPE) and benzenediols (catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone) in acidic media as a model system. Two sensor types, unmodified and Pt/C-modified SPEs, were tested across repeated CV cycles, with polarisation resistance (<em>R</em><sub><em>P</em></sub>) and effective capacitance (<em>C</em><sub><em>eff</em></sub>) extracted from equivalent circuit models.</div><div>Unmodified SPEs showed progressive activation, while modified SPEs exhibited early improvement followed by degradation. To synthesise trends across <em>R</em><sub><em>P</em></sub>, <em>C</em><sub><em>eff</em></sub>, and net charge transfer (<em>Qₙ</em>) obtained from CV data, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. PCA revealed smooth, directional evolution for unmodified SPEs and disordered, non-monotonic drift in modified SPEs, reinforcing the EIS results.</div><div>This approach enables online, non-destructive tracking of electrochemical sensor health and offers a transferable framework for performance assurance, quality control, and lifecycle monitoring. It repositions EIS from static characterisation to an embedded, multivariate diagnostic tool.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":424,"journal":{"name":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","volume":"50 ","pages":"Article 100871"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214180425001370","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Performance drift in electrochemical sensors remains a challenge in long-term and/or corrosive applications. We present a generalisable, in situ diagnostic framework based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), using screen-printed electrodes (SPE) and benzenediols (catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone) in acidic media as a model system. Two sensor types, unmodified and Pt/C-modified SPEs, were tested across repeated CV cycles, with polarisation resistance (R_P) and effective capacitance (C_eff) extracted from equivalent circuit models.

Unmodified SPEs showed progressive activation, while modified SPEs exhibited early improvement followed by degradation. To synthesise trends across R_P, C_eff, and net charge transfer (Qₙ) obtained from CV data, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. PCA revealed smooth, directional evolution for unmodified SPEs and disordered, non-monotonic drift in modified SPEs, reinforcing the EIS results.

This approach enables online, non-destructive tracking of electrochemical sensor health and offers a transferable framework for performance assurance, quality control, and lifecycle monitoring. It repositions EIS from static characterisation to an embedded, multivariate diagnostic tool.

查看原文本刊更多论文

电化学传感器漂移的多变量诊断通过原位阻抗光谱和伏安法：一个基于苯二醇的框架

电化学传感器的性能漂移在长期和/或腐蚀性应用中仍然是一个挑战。我们提出了一个基于电化学阻抗谱（EIS）和循环伏安法（CV）的通用现场诊断框架，使用丝网印刷电极（SPE）和酸性介质中的苯二醇（邻苯二酚、间苯二酚和对苯二酚）作为模型系统。两种类型的传感器，未修改的和Pt/ c修改的spe，在重复的CV循环中进行测试，极化电阻（RP）和有效电容（Ceff）从等效电路模型中提取。未修饰的spe表现为渐进式活化，而修饰的spe表现为早期改善，随后降解。为了综合RP、Ceff和净电荷转移(Q)的趋势，应用了主成分分析（PCA）。PCA显示未修饰的SPEs平滑、定向演化，而修饰的SPEs无序、非单调漂移，强化了EIS的结果。这种方法能够在线、无损地跟踪电化学传感器的健康状况，并为性能保证、质量控制和生命周期监测提供了一个可转移的框架。它将EIS从静态特征重新定位为嵌入式的多变量诊断工具。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research Engineering-Electrical and Electronic Engineering

CiteScore

10.70

自引率

3.80%

发文量

审稿时长

87 days

期刊介绍： Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research is an open access journal dedicated to the research, design, development, and application of bio-sensing and sensing technologies. The editors will accept research papers, reviews, field trials, and validation studies that are of significant relevance. These submissions should describe new concepts, enhance understanding of the field, or offer insights into the practical application, manufacturing, and commercialization of bio-sensing and sensing technologies. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including sensing principles and mechanisms, new materials development for transducers and recognition components, fabrication technology, and various types of sensors such as optical, electrochemical, mass-sensitive, gas, biosensors, and more. It also includes environmental, process control, and biomedical applications, signal processing, chemometrics, optoelectronic, mechanical, thermal, and magnetic sensors, as well as interface electronics. Additionally, it covers sensor systems and applications, µTAS (Micro Total Analysis Systems), development of solid-state devices for transducing physical signals, and analytical devices incorporating biological materials.