Simultaneous determination of interleukin-6, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α – A key factor in early prognosis of cardiovascular diseases for obese youngsters

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases became one of the primary causes of mortality for obese young people. Determination of biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, may contribute to the prognosis as well as to early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. A 3D stochastic microsensor based on single-wall carbon nanotubes decorated with gold nanoparticles and modified with quinine was designed, characterized, and validated for the qualitative and quantitative determination of C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-6, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Wide working concentration ranges were recorded for all biomarkers, while the limits of determination were of 4.1 × 10⁻¹⁵ μg mL⁻¹ for interleukin-6, 5.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ μg mL⁻¹ for TNF-α, and 1.00 × 10⁻²¹ g mL⁻¹ for C-reactive protein, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. The recovery tests shown that the biomarkers were recovered in percentages higher than 99.10 % and RSD% values below 0.03 %.