Polydopamine-infused toothpaste: An in vitro assessment of cytotoxicity and embryonic toxicology

Q1 Medicine

Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research Pub Date : 2025-09-08 DOI:10.1016/j.jobcr.2025.09.005

Ayesh Das , Jayashri Prabakar , I. Meignana Arumugham , S. Rajeshkumar , Jayasree Anandan , Amal Siby

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Oral health issues affect approximately 3.5 billion individuals globally, with untreated dental caries being the most prevalent condition, as reported by the WHO. While mechanical plaque removal has shown effectiveness in preventing oral diseases, the need for more advanced and bioactive toothpaste formulations persists. Among emerging ingredients, polydopamine (PDA) has shown promising antibacterial and biocompatible properties, making it a potential additive for therapeutic oral care products.

Aim

This study aimed to formulate a polydopamine-infused therapeutic toothpaste and evaluate its in vitro cytotoxicity and embryonic toxicity.

Methods

The toothpaste was developed using calcium carbonate as an abrasive, glycerin for moisture retention, and carboxymethyl cellulose as a thickening agent. Sodium lauryl sulfate functioned as a foaming agent, and sodium fluoride was included for enamel protection. Xylitol and peppermint oil were added to enhance taste and stability. Polydopamine was synthesized by polymerizing dopamine in an ethanol-water-ammonium hydroxide mixture and incorporated for antimicrobial enhancement. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay, exposing Artemia salina nauplii to PDA-formulated toothpaste at concentrations ranging from 10 to 50 μg/mL. Embryonic toxicity was evaluated using the Zebrafish Embryo Toxicity Test over a 78- hour period. Statistical analysis involved Mann-Whitney and Friedman tests.

Results

PDA-formulated toothpaste showed significantly lower cytotoxicity than commercial alternatives at all tested concentrations (p < 0.05), with no significant differences in embryonic toxicity. Both formulations exhibited dose-dependent responses (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

Polydopamine-infused toothpaste showed reduced cytotoxicity and no embryonic toxicity, indicating its potential as a safe, effective therapeutic oral care additive.

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多多巴胺注入牙膏：细胞毒性和胚胎毒理学的体外评估

根据世界卫生组织的报告，口腔健康问题影响着全球约35亿人，其中未经治疗的龋齿是最普遍的情况。虽然机械去除牙菌斑在预防口腔疾病方面已显示出有效性，但对更先进和具有生物活性的牙膏配方的需求仍然存在。在新兴成分中，聚多巴胺（PDA）已显示出良好的抗菌和生物相容性，使其成为治疗性口腔护理产品的潜在添加剂。目的制备含多多巴胺的治疗性牙膏，并评价其体外细胞毒性和胚胎毒性。方法以碳酸钙为磨料，甘油为保湿剂，羧甲基纤维素为增稠剂研制牙膏。十二烷基硫酸钠作为发泡剂，氟化钠用于釉质保护。添加木糖醇和薄荷油以增强风味和稳定性。在乙醇-水-氢氧化铵混合物中聚合多巴胺合成聚多巴胺，并将其用于抗菌增强。采用盐水虾致死性生物测定法，将盐渍蒿暴露于浓度为10 ~ 50 μg/mL的pda配制牙膏中，评估其细胞毒性。胚胎毒性是用斑马鱼胚胎毒性试验在78小时内评估的。统计分析包括曼-惠特尼和弗里德曼测试。结果在所有测试浓度下，spda配方牙膏的细胞毒性均显著低于市售替代品（p < 0.05），而胚胎毒性无显著差异。两种制剂均表现出剂量依赖性（p = 0.001）。结论多多巴胺注入牙膏具有较低的细胞毒性，无胚胎毒性，是一种安全有效的口腔保健添加剂。

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来源期刊

Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research Medicine-Otorhinolaryngology

CiteScore

4.90

自引率

0.00%

发文量

133

审稿时长

167 days

期刊介绍： Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research (JOBCR)is the official journal of the Craniofacial Research Foundation (CRF). The journal aims to provide a common platform for both clinical and translational research and to promote interdisciplinary sciences in craniofacial region. JOBCR publishes content that includes diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the mouth and jaws and face region; diagnosis and medical management of diseases specific to the orofacial tissues and of oral manifestations of systemic diseases; studies on identifying populations at risk of oral disease or in need of specific care, and comparing regional, environmental, social, and access similarities and differences in dental care between populations; diseases of the mouth and related structures like salivary glands, temporomandibular joints, facial muscles and perioral skin; biomedical engineering, tissue engineering and stem cells. The journal publishes reviews, commentaries, peer-reviewed original research articles, short communication, and case reports.