The stress response and removal mechanism of Chlorella vulgaris to sulfamethoxazole

IF 4.5 2区生物学 Q1 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY

Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI:10.1016/j.algal.2025.104294

Liang Chen , Yuanyuan Zhou , Yifei Zhou , Penglan Zhu , Chunli Yu , Yali Luo , Jielian Wu , Qingsong Zhou , Wenkui Li , Shanshan Luo

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the removal efficiency and mechanism by which microalgae remove sulfamethoxazole (SMX). As a sustainable and environmentally friendly method, microalgae-based biotechnology to remove antibiotics has received increasing attention. However, the mechanism of sulfamethoxazole removal by microalgae is still unclear. This study investigated the ecological toxicity of sulfamethoxazole and its removal by Chlorella vulgaris. The results showed that the removal efficiency was from 6.4 % to 49.9 % at different initial antibiotic concentrations. Biodegradation contributed 5.04 %–44.6 % to SMX removal, while abiotic degradation contributed 1.35 %–5.25 %. Low concentrations (1 and 10 mg/L) of SMX promoted the growth and total protein content of microalgae, while high concentrations (20, 40, 70, and 100 mg/L) had inhibitory effects. High concentrations of antibiotics also significantly inhibited the photosynthetic pigments of microalgae. After 96 h of exposure, the content of exopolysaccharides and lipids in microalgae increased compared to the control group. As the initial concentration of SMX increased, the superoxide dismutase, catalase, and malondialdehyde content increased, which indicated that SMX caused oxidative stress in microalgae. Throughout the entire exposure period, 14 TPs (transformation products) were identified. The risk assessment of TPs indicated that SMX treatment using microalgae tends to produce less toxic TPs.

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寻常小球藻对磺胺甲恶唑的胁迫反应及去除机制

本研究旨在探讨微藻对磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）的去除效果及机理。基于微藻的生物技术去除抗生素作为一种可持续、环保的方法越来越受到人们的关注。然而，微藻对磺胺甲恶唑的去除机理尚不清楚。研究了磺胺甲恶唑的生态毒性及其在普通小球藻中的去除效果。结果表明，在不同初始抗生素浓度下，细菌的去除率为6.4% ~ 49.9%。生物降解对SMX去除率的贡献率为5.04% ~ 44.6%，非生物降解对SMX去除率的贡献率为1.35% ~ 5.25%。低浓度（1、10 mg/L）的SMX对微藻生长和总蛋白含量有促进作用，高浓度（20、40、70、100 mg/L）的SMX对微藻有抑制作用。高浓度抗生素对微藻光合色素也有显著抑制作用。暴露96 h后，微藻胞外多糖和脂质含量均高于对照组。随着SMX初始浓度的增加，超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和丙二醛含量增加，表明SMX引起了微藻的氧化应激。在整个暴露期间，鉴定出14个TPs（转化产物）。TPs的风险评估表明，使用微藻处理SMX倾向于产生毒性较小的TPs。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY-

CiteScore

9.40

自引率

7.80%

发文量

332

期刊介绍： Algal Research is an international phycology journal covering all areas of emerging technologies in algae biology, biomass production, cultivation, harvesting, extraction, bioproducts, biorefinery, engineering, and econometrics. Algae is defined to include cyanobacteria, microalgae, and protists and symbionts of interest in biotechnology. The journal publishes original research and reviews for the following scope: algal biology, including but not exclusive to: phylogeny, biodiversity, molecular traits, metabolic regulation, and genetic engineering, algal cultivation, e.g. phototrophic systems, heterotrophic systems, and mixotrophic systems, algal harvesting and extraction systems, biotechnology to convert algal biomass and components into biofuels and bioproducts, e.g., nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, animal feed, plastics, etc. algal products and their economic assessment