Aortic valve function and aortic dilatation associated with bicuspid aortic valve in early childhood.

Abstract

Introduction: The natural history of bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) remains inadequately characterized, leaving uncertainties regarding whether associated aortic dilatation arises from an inherent susceptibility or primarily results from altered flow dynamics across the aortic valve. We aimed to describe the evolution of valve function and aortic dilatation at preschool-age in children diagnosed with BAV neonatally.

Methods: The population study, Copenhagen Baby Heart Study (n >25,000) performed in 2016-2018, diagnosed 196 newborns (0.8%) with BAV. In the present follow-up study, children with BAV were re-examined with echocardiography at three years of age and compared with controls with tricuspid aortic valves. Aortic diameters were normalized using Z-scores.

Results: At follow-up, 128 children with BAV (36±13 months, 70% males) and 88 controls (43±10 months, 70% males) were examined. Children with BAV were significantly younger (p<0.001) and had a smaller body surface 0.65 (±0.10) vs. 0.70 (±0.07), p<0.001) area compared to controls. The prevalence of aortic valve regurgitation increased from 15.6% neonatally to 24.2% at follow-up (p<0.05) in cases, compared to 0% in controls. Flow velocities across the aortic valve did not differ between cases and controls at follow-up. The diameters of the sinuses of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta were all significantly larger in cases compared to controls neonatally (Z-score 0.90 vs. 0.008, p<0.001; 0.24 vs. -0.09, p<0.05; 1.33 vs. 0.06, p<0.001, respectively) as well as at follow-up (Z-score 0.84 vs. 0.004, p<0.001; 0.42 vs. 0.09, p<0.05; 1.34 vs. -0.04, p<0.001, respectively). At follow-up, 68 (53.1%) children with BAV and 7 (8.0%) controls had at least one aortic diameter with a Z-score ≥2 (p<0.001).

Conclusions: At three years of age, one in four children diagnosed with BAV neonatally, exhibited aortic valve regurgitation, and more than half demonstrated aortic dilatation with a Z-score ≥2. The results support the hypothesis that the dilatation of the proximal aorta is not solely secondary to altered flow dynamics across the valve but also an inherent susceptibility of the aortic wall.