{"title":"Mechanisms of glucagon-like-peptide 1 in the brain beyond metabolic effects.","authors":"Kyu Sik Kim, Joon Seok Park, Hyung Jin Choi","doi":"10.6065/apem.2448320.160","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ever since its discovery, glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) and drugs with similar function (collectively GLP-1s) have been used for type 2 diabetes mellitus and have been effective for obesity. Their profound effect on weight loss has resulted in widespread use of these medicines for treating obesity. Extensive studies have shown that GLP-1s decrease body weight, lean mass, and other metabolic phenotypes. These studies were supported by the mechanism of signaling pathways of GLP-1s in cells and their metabolic effects. Recently, studies have focused on the effect of GLP-1s on the brain, showing that they affect food cognition, depression, drug addiction, and even neurodegenerative diseases. Although recent studies have investigated the impact of GLP-1s on the brain, our understanding of these effects is limited. This review describes how GLP-1s have become the most effective drugs in obesity, such as their known signaling pathway in cells and their pharmaceutical processing over the years. This review covers recent discoveries of the GLP-1 mechanisms in the brain, including their prominent effects on obesity, and discusses discoveries that imply their potential usage in brain disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":44915,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","volume":"30 4","pages":"165-174"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12415283/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.6065/apem.2448320.160","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/8/31 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Ever since its discovery, glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) and drugs with similar function (collectively GLP-1s) have been used for type 2 diabetes mellitus and have been effective for obesity. Their profound effect on weight loss has resulted in widespread use of these medicines for treating obesity. Extensive studies have shown that GLP-1s decrease body weight, lean mass, and other metabolic phenotypes. These studies were supported by the mechanism of signaling pathways of GLP-1s in cells and their metabolic effects. Recently, studies have focused on the effect of GLP-1s on the brain, showing that they affect food cognition, depression, drug addiction, and even neurodegenerative diseases. Although recent studies have investigated the impact of GLP-1s on the brain, our understanding of these effects is limited. This review describes how GLP-1s have become the most effective drugs in obesity, such as their known signaling pathway in cells and their pharmaceutical processing over the years. This review covers recent discoveries of the GLP-1 mechanisms in the brain, including their prominent effects on obesity, and discusses discoveries that imply their potential usage in brain disorders.
期刊介绍：
The Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism Journal is the official publication of the Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology. Its formal abbreviated title is “Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab”. It is a peer-reviewed open access journal of medicine published in English. The journal was launched in 1996 under the title of ‘Journal of Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology’ until 2011 (pISSN 1226-2242). Since 2012, the title is now changed to ‘Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism’. The Journal is published four times per year on the last day of March, June, September, and December. It is widely distributed for free to members of the Korean Society of Pediatric Endocrinology, medical schools, libraries, and academic institutions. The journal is indexed/tracked/covered by web sites of PubMed Central, PubMed, Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI), Scopus, EBSCO, EMBASE, KoreaMed, KoMCI, KCI, Science Central, DOI/CrossRef, Directory of Open Access Journals(DOAJ), and Google Scholar. The aims of Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism are to contribute to the advancements in the fields of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism through the scientific reviews and interchange of all of pediatric endocrinology and metabolism. It aims to reflect the latest clinical, translational, and basic research trends from worldwide valuable achievements. In addition, genome research, epidemiology, public education and clinical practice guidelines in each country are welcomed for publication. The Journal particularly focuses on research conducted with Asian-Pacific children whose genetic and environmental backgrounds are different from those of the Western. Area of specific interest include the following : Growth, puberty, glucose metabolism including diabetes mellitus, obesity, nutrition, disorders of sexual development, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal cortex, bone or other endocrine and metabolic disorders from infancy through adolescence.
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