A novel spectrofluorimetric method for argatroban determination using Rhodamine B as an “on-off” fluorescent probe with Box-Behnken optimization and sustainability assessment
Ahmed Serag , Maram H. Abduljabbar , Reem M. Alnemari , Atiah H. Almalki
{"title":"A novel spectrofluorimetric method for argatroban determination using Rhodamine B as an “on-off” fluorescent probe with Box-Behnken optimization and sustainability assessment","authors":"Ahmed Serag , Maram H. Abduljabbar , Reem M. Alnemari , Atiah H. Almalki","doi":"10.1016/j.scp.2025.102193","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel, sensitive, and environmentally sustainable spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of argatroban using Rhodamine B as an “on-off” fluorescent probe. The interaction mechanism between argatroban and Rhodamine B was thoroughly investigated through spectroscopic studies, Stern-Volmer analysis, and Job's method. Results revealed that argatroban effectively quenched the fluorescence of Rhodamine B through static quenching with a Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv) of 7.07 × 10<sup>5</sup> M<sup>−1</sup>, indicating a strong static quenching process. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was employed to identify the critical factors affecting quenching efficiency. Analysis of variance revealed that pH and Rhodamine B concentration significantly influenced the response, while reaction time showed minimal impact. Through systematic investigation of the response surfaces and model validation, optimal analytical conditions were determined to be pH 7.5, Rhodamine B volume 2.6 mL, and reaction time 3 min. The developed method exhibited a linear response across the concentration range 0.1–3.0 μg/mL with detection limit of 0.0324 μg/mL. Validation studies confirmed the method's precision, accuracy, and robustness in accordance with ICH guidelines. Application to complex matrices demonstrated the method's selectivity and practical utility, with recoveries from 95.03 to 104.98 % in spiked plasma and environmental water samples. Notably, sustainability assessment using AGREE (score: 0.64), BAGI (score: 70), and RGB12 (whiteness: 90.1 %) tools demonstrated that this method offers significant environmental advantages over conventional chromatographic techniques. By combining analytical reliability with environmental sustainability, this simple and cost-effective approach provides a viable alternative for argatroban determination in pharmaceutical quality control and environmental monitoring applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":22138,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","volume":"48 ","pages":"Article 102193"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352554125002918","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
A novel, sensitive, and environmentally sustainable spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of argatroban using Rhodamine B as an “on-off” fluorescent probe. The interaction mechanism between argatroban and Rhodamine B was thoroughly investigated through spectroscopic studies, Stern-Volmer analysis, and Job's method. Results revealed that argatroban effectively quenched the fluorescence of Rhodamine B through static quenching with a Stern-Volmer constant (Ksv) of 7.07 × 105 M−1, indicating a strong static quenching process. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design was employed to identify the critical factors affecting quenching efficiency. Analysis of variance revealed that pH and Rhodamine B concentration significantly influenced the response, while reaction time showed minimal impact. Through systematic investigation of the response surfaces and model validation, optimal analytical conditions were determined to be pH 7.5, Rhodamine B volume 2.6 mL, and reaction time 3 min. The developed method exhibited a linear response across the concentration range 0.1–3.0 μg/mL with detection limit of 0.0324 μg/mL. Validation studies confirmed the method's precision, accuracy, and robustness in accordance with ICH guidelines. Application to complex matrices demonstrated the method's selectivity and practical utility, with recoveries from 95.03 to 104.98 % in spiked plasma and environmental water samples. Notably, sustainability assessment using AGREE (score: 0.64), BAGI (score: 70), and RGB12 (whiteness: 90.1 %) tools demonstrated that this method offers significant environmental advantages over conventional chromatographic techniques. By combining analytical reliability with environmental sustainability, this simple and cost-effective approach provides a viable alternative for argatroban determination in pharmaceutical quality control and environmental monitoring applications.
期刊介绍:
Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy publishes research that is related to chemistry, pharmacy and sustainability science in a forward oriented manner. It provides a unique forum for the publication of innovative research on the intersection and overlap of chemistry and pharmacy on the one hand and sustainability on the other hand. This includes contributions related to increasing sustainability of chemistry and pharmaceutical science and industries itself as well as their products in relation to the contribution of these to sustainability itself. As an interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary journal it addresses all sustainability related issues along the life cycle of chemical and pharmaceutical products form resource related topics until the end of life of products. This includes not only natural science based approaches and issues but also from humanities, social science and economics as far as they are dealing with sustainability related to chemistry and pharmacy. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy aims at bridging between disciplines as well as developing and developed countries.