Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in community drug retail outlets of Bahir Dar city in Northwest Ethiopia: A simulated client visit before and after educational intervention.
{"title":"Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription in community drug retail outlets of Bahir Dar city in Northwest Ethiopia: A simulated client visit before and after educational intervention.","authors":"Masho Tigabe Tekle, Faisel Dula Sema, Minichil Chanie Worku, Abdisa Gemedi Jara, Worku Endalamaw Ayenew","doi":"10.1016/j.jgar.2025.08.017","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Non-prescription supply of antibiotics in community drug retail outlets (CDROs) significantly contributes to antibiotic resistance (ABR). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of educational intervention for pharmacy practitioners (PPs) in reducing over-the-counter (OTC) antibiotic sales.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>From August 1, 2022 to January 30, 2023 a total of 80 simulated client (SC) visits (40 pre-intervention; 40:post-intervention) were made in 40 CDROs of Bahir Dar city, to determine the baseline and post-intervention extent of OTC sale of antibiotics. Verbally a 30 minute one time onsite education regarding antimicrobials, antibiotics, ABR, rational use of antibiotics, role of community PPs in ensuring rational use of antibiotics, and good antibiotic dispensing practice (GADP) as an intervention was provided to 70 PPs who were working in the 40 CDROs. The education was guided with a written informational material which was delivered to each PPs. Two months after the intervention, its effectiveness was tested using McNemar's chi-square test and P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The intervention resulted significant improvements in; reducing non-prescription sale of antibiotics in CDROs (55% (pre-intervention) Vs 20% (post-intervention), increasing requesting of a prescription paper (35% Vs 75%), insisting antibiotic must be dispensed with prescription paper (33.3% Vs 68.7%) and reducing dispensing of antibiotic at level 1 demand (50% Vs 25%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Educational intervention provided to PPs was effective in reducing the non-prescription sale of antibiotics and it improves the antibiotic dispensing practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":15936,"journal":{"name":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of global antimicrobial resistance","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2025.08.017","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"INFECTIOUS DISEASES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objectives: Non-prescription supply of antibiotics in community drug retail outlets (CDROs) significantly contributes to antibiotic resistance (ABR). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of educational intervention for pharmacy practitioners (PPs) in reducing over-the-counter (OTC) antibiotic sales.
Methods: From August 1, 2022 to January 30, 2023 a total of 80 simulated client (SC) visits (40 pre-intervention; 40:post-intervention) were made in 40 CDROs of Bahir Dar city, to determine the baseline and post-intervention extent of OTC sale of antibiotics. Verbally a 30 minute one time onsite education regarding antimicrobials, antibiotics, ABR, rational use of antibiotics, role of community PPs in ensuring rational use of antibiotics, and good antibiotic dispensing practice (GADP) as an intervention was provided to 70 PPs who were working in the 40 CDROs. The education was guided with a written informational material which was delivered to each PPs. Two months after the intervention, its effectiveness was tested using McNemar's chi-square test and P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The intervention resulted significant improvements in; reducing non-prescription sale of antibiotics in CDROs (55% (pre-intervention) Vs 20% (post-intervention), increasing requesting of a prescription paper (35% Vs 75%), insisting antibiotic must be dispensed with prescription paper (33.3% Vs 68.7%) and reducing dispensing of antibiotic at level 1 demand (50% Vs 25%).
Conclusions: Educational intervention provided to PPs was effective in reducing the non-prescription sale of antibiotics and it improves the antibiotic dispensing practice.
目的：社区药品零售网点（CDROs）非处方抗生素供应对抗生素耐药（ABR）有显著影响。本研究旨在评估教育干预对药房从业人员（PPs）减少非处方（OTC）抗生素销售的有效性。方法：于2022年8月1日至2023年1月30日，对巴希尔达尔市40家cdro进行80次模拟客户（SC）访诊（干预前40次，干预后40次），确定抗生素OTC销售基线及干预后程度。对在40个CDROs工作的70名pp进行了30分钟的现场口头教育，内容包括抗菌剂、抗生素、ABR、抗生素合理使用、社区pp在确保抗生素合理使用中的作用以及良好的抗生素配药规范（GADP）作为干预措施。教育工作由一份书面信息材料指导，该材料已分发给每个pp。干预2个月后，采用McNemar卡方检验进行有效性检验，p值< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果：干预显著改善；减少cdro中抗生素的非处方销售（干预前55% Vs干预后20%），增加处方纸的需求（35% Vs 75%），坚持抗生素必须配处方纸分发（33.3% Vs 68.7%），并减少一级需求抗生素的分发（50% Vs 25%）。结论：对PPs进行教育干预可有效减少非处方销售抗菌药物，提高抗菌药物调剂工作质量。
期刊介绍：
The Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance (JGAR) is a quarterly online journal run by an international Editorial Board that focuses on the global spread of antibiotic-resistant microbes.
JGAR is a dedicated journal for all professionals working in research, health care, the environment and animal infection control, aiming to track the resistance threat worldwide and provides a single voice devoted to antimicrobial resistance (AMR).
Featuring peer-reviewed and up to date research articles, reviews, short notes and hot topics JGAR covers the key topics related to antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic resistance.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
