Cell Membrane-Inspired Dual Network Organohydrogel-Based Flexible Wearable Strain Sensors for Human Motion Monitoring and Encrypted Communication

IF 5 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Journal of Polymers and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI:10.1007/s10924-025-03637-x

Yuanhang Li, Peng Liu, Xinyi Ma, Lili Gao, Yaxin Gu, Xintong Shan, Yunxue Liu, Xiangyu Li

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Abstract

In recent years, hydrogel-based strain sensors have shown significant promise for applications in electronic skin, wearable devices, and human–computer interaction. However, numerous challenges in achieving a balance between electrical conductivity and mechanical stability continue to hinder their practical implementation. In this study, we developed a novel PPSL dual-network hydrogel-based flexible wearable strain sensor, inspired by cell membranes, by integrating sodium caseinate (SC) and lithium chloride (LiCl) into a polyacrylamide (PAM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix. The PAM/PVA/SC/LiCl (PPSL) conductive hydrogels exhibited exceptional mechanical properties (1300% strain, 426 kPa stress), self-recovery, and electrical conductivity (0.37 S/m). As a flexible strain sensor, PPSL demonstrated high sensitivity (GF = 5.4), rapid response (227 ms), and durability. Successful applications in human motion monitoring and encrypted Morse code transmission underscore its versatility in wearable electronics and secure communication. This work provides a biomimetic design strategy to expand hydrogel applications in advanced sensing technologies.

Graphical abstract

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基于细胞膜的双网络有机水凝胶柔性可穿戴应变传感器，用于人体运动监测和加密通信

近年来，基于水凝胶的应变传感器在电子皮肤、可穿戴设备和人机交互方面显示出了巨大的应用前景。然而，在实现导电性和机械稳定性之间的平衡方面的许多挑战仍然阻碍着它们的实际应用。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种新型的PPSL双网络水凝胶柔性可穿戴应变传感器，灵感来自细胞膜，通过将酪蛋白酸钠（SC）和氯化锂（LiCl）集成到聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）和聚乙烯醇（PVA）基质中。PAM/PVA/SC/LiCl （PPSL）导电水凝胶表现出优异的力学性能（应变1300%，应力426 kPa）、自恢复性能和电导率（0.37 S/m）。作为一种柔性应变传感器，PPSL具有高灵敏度（GF = 5.4）、快速响应（227 ms）和耐用性。在人体运动监测和加密莫尔斯电码传输中的成功应用强调了其在可穿戴电子产品和安全通信中的多功能性。这项工作为水凝胶在先进传感技术中的应用提供了一种仿生设计策略。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Journal of Polymers and the Environment 工程技术-高分子科学

CiteScore

9.50

自引率

7.50%

发文量

297

审稿时长

9 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Polymers and the Environment fills the need for an international forum in this diverse and rapidly expanding field. The journal serves a crucial role for the publication of information from a wide range of disciplines and is a central outlet for the publication of high-quality peer-reviewed original papers, review articles and short communications. The journal is intentionally interdisciplinary in regard to contributions and covers the following subjects - polymers, environmentally degradable polymers, and degradation pathways: biological, photochemical, oxidative and hydrolytic; new environmental materials: derived by chemical and biosynthetic routes; environmental blends and composites; developments in processing and reactive processing of environmental polymers; characterization of environmental materials: mechanical, physical, thermal, rheological, morphological, and others; recyclable polymers and plastics recycling environmental testing: in-laboratory simulations, outdoor exposures, and standardization of methodologies; environmental fate: end products and intermediates of biodegradation; microbiology and enzymology of polymer biodegradation; solid-waste management and public legislation specific to environmental polymers; and other related topics.