Preparation Methods of Hydrogel Microspheres and Recent Advances in Their Application for Treating Diabetic Wounds.

Abstract

Diabetic wounds are characterized by complex pathologies, such as vascular changes, nerve damage, and immune dysfunction, which make healing difficult. Hydrogel microspheres have shown great potential in the field of wound treatment due to their excellent biocompatibility, high water content, and soft physical properties. The review summarizes the preparation methods of hydrogel microspheres in detail, including microfluidic technology, spray method, electro spraying, emulsion method, phase separation, photomask method, and 3D printing technology. These methods have significant advantages in particle size control, morphological consistency, and functionalization. It then reviews the applications of hydrogel microspheres in the treatment of diabetic wounds, including the promotion of cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and macrophage polarization, as well as precise treatment through controllable drug release and environmental responsiveness. In addition, the review explores the unique advantages of hydrogel microspheres in dealing with diabetic wounds complicated by infection and reviews the current challenges faced by these technologies in practical applications, such as preparation complexity, cost issues, and prospects for translation. Finally, the review looks forward to the future enhancement of hydrogel microsphere performance and application breadth through interdisciplinary research and new material development, providing more comprehensive and efficient solutions for the treatment of diabetic wounds.