{"title":"Real-traffic emissions of CO, NOx, CO2, and PM2.5 from vehicles using a portable emission measurement system","authors":"Chunying Lu, Shuwei Dong, Shanqian Huang, Shuohan Gao, Jinsheng Fu, Xinyi Tian, Sha Lin, Xinzhu Xiong, Xinjun Wang, Xinfeng Wang","doi":"10.1007/s11869-025-01765-w","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n <p>Vehicle emissions are one of the important sources of air pollution in urban areas. This study analyzed emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO<sub>x</sub>), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), and fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) from gasoline, diesel, and compressed natural gas (CNG)-powered vehicles, including passenger cars, trucks, and taxis under real-traffic conditions. These pollutants and greenhouse gas were collected and measured through on-road experiments using a specifically designed portable emission measurement system (PEMS) on two testing routes. The results indicated significant variations in emission factors across vehicle and fuel types. Gasoline vehicles exhibited higher CO and CO<sub>2</sub> emission factors than their diesel and CNG counterparts. However, diesel vehicles produced significantly more NO<sub>x</sub> and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions. Among all vehicle categories, light-duty gasoline trucks (LDGTs) and medium-duty gasoline passenger vehicles (MDGVs) had the highest CO emissions (10.3 g km<sup>− 1</sup> and 8.0 g km<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively). Heavy-duty diesel passenger vehicles (HDDVs) emitted the most NO<sub>x</sub> (10.1 g km<sup>− 1</sup>) and CO<sub>2</sub> (1109.4 g km<sup>− 1</sup>). Light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) and medium-duty diesel trucks (MDDTs) contributed the highest PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions (295.2 mg km<sup>− 1</sup> and 769.4 mg km<sup>− 1</sup>, respectively). Compressed natural gas vehicles were the cleanest, with emission values of 3.4 g km<sup>− 1</sup> (CO), 0.76 g km<sup>− 1</sup> (NO<sub>x</sub>), 321.6 g km<sup>− 1</sup> (CO<sub>2</sub>), and 1.4 mg km<sup>− 1</sup> (PM<sub>2.5</sub>). Furthermore, while stricter emission standards help reduce pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions, increasing mileage is a major contributor to increased emission levels. Additionally, an estimation of CO, NO<sub>x</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5</sub> emissions from vehicle exhaust across 31 Chinese provinces in 2021 recognized high-emission vehicle types and revealed substantial regional variations in vehicle exhaust emissions. The findings from these on-road emission experiments provide essential insights for designing effective pollution control strategies and mitigating urban air pollution.</p>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":49109,"journal":{"name":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","volume":"18 8","pages":"2265 - 2276"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Air Quality Atmosphere and Health","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-025-01765-w","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Vehicle emissions are one of the important sources of air pollution in urban areas. This study analyzed emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from gasoline, diesel, and compressed natural gas (CNG)-powered vehicles, including passenger cars, trucks, and taxis under real-traffic conditions. These pollutants and greenhouse gas were collected and measured through on-road experiments using a specifically designed portable emission measurement system (PEMS) on two testing routes. The results indicated significant variations in emission factors across vehicle and fuel types. Gasoline vehicles exhibited higher CO and CO2 emission factors than their diesel and CNG counterparts. However, diesel vehicles produced significantly more NOx and PM2.5 emissions. Among all vehicle categories, light-duty gasoline trucks (LDGTs) and medium-duty gasoline passenger vehicles (MDGVs) had the highest CO emissions (10.3 g km− 1 and 8.0 g km− 1, respectively). Heavy-duty diesel passenger vehicles (HDDVs) emitted the most NOx (10.1 g km− 1) and CO2 (1109.4 g km− 1). Light-duty diesel trucks (LDDTs) and medium-duty diesel trucks (MDDTs) contributed the highest PM2.5 emissions (295.2 mg km− 1 and 769.4 mg km− 1, respectively). Compressed natural gas vehicles were the cleanest, with emission values of 3.4 g km− 1 (CO), 0.76 g km− 1 (NOx), 321.6 g km− 1 (CO2), and 1.4 mg km− 1 (PM2.5). Furthermore, while stricter emission standards help reduce pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions, increasing mileage is a major contributor to increased emission levels. Additionally, an estimation of CO, NOx, CO2, and PM2.5 emissions from vehicle exhaust across 31 Chinese provinces in 2021 recognized high-emission vehicle types and revealed substantial regional variations in vehicle exhaust emissions. The findings from these on-road emission experiments provide essential insights for designing effective pollution control strategies and mitigating urban air pollution.
汽车尾气排放是城市大气污染的重要来源之一。该研究分析了在实际交通条件下，汽油、柴油、压缩天然气（CNG）动力车辆（包括乘用车、卡车、出租车）的一氧化碳（CO）、氮氧化物（NOx）、二氧化碳（CO2）、细颗粒物（PM2.5）的排放量。利用专门设计的便携式排放测量系统（PEMS）在两条测试路线上进行道路试验，收集和测量这些污染物和温室气体。结果表明，不同车辆和燃料类型的排放因子存在显著差异。汽油车的CO和CO2排放系数高于柴油车和CNG车。然而，柴油车产生的氮氧化物和PM2.5排放量明显更多。在所有车辆类别中，轻型汽油卡车（LDGTs）和中型汽油乘用车（mdgv）的CO排放量最高（分别为10.3 g km - 1和8.0 g km - 1）。重型柴油乘用车（hddv）排放最多的氮氧化物（10.1 g km - 1）和二氧化碳（1109.4 g km - 1）。轻型柴油卡车（LDDTs）和中型柴油卡车（MDDTs）的PM2.5排放量最高（分别为295.2 mg km - 1和769.4 mg km - 1）。压缩天然气汽车是最清洁的，其排放值为3.4 g km−1 (CO), 0.76 g km−1 (NOx), 321.6 g km−1 （CO2）和1.4 mg km−1 （PM2.5）。此外，虽然更严格的排放标准有助于减少污染物和温室气体的排放，但里程的增加是排放水平上升的主要原因。此外，对2021年中国31个省份汽车尾气CO、NOx、CO2和PM2.5排放量的估计确认了高排放车辆类型，并揭示了汽车尾气排放的显著区域差异。这些道路排放实验的结果为设计有效的污染控制策略和减轻城市空气污染提供了重要的见解。
期刊介绍：
Air Quality, Atmosphere, and Health is a multidisciplinary journal which, by its very name, illustrates the broad range of work it publishes and which focuses on atmospheric consequences of human activities and their implications for human and ecological health.
It offers research papers, critical literature reviews and commentaries, as well as special issues devoted to topical subjects or themes.
International in scope, the journal presents papers that inform and stimulate a global readership, as the topic addressed are global in their import. Consequently, we do not encourage submission of papers involving local data that relate to local problems. Unless they demonstrate wide applicability, these are better submitted to national or regional journals.
Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health addresses such topics as acid precipitation; airborne particulate matter; air quality monitoring and management; exposure assessment; risk assessment; indoor air quality; atmospheric chemistry; atmospheric modeling and prediction; air pollution climatology; climate change and air quality; air pollution measurement; atmospheric impact assessment; forest-fire emissions; atmospheric science; greenhouse gases; health and ecological effects; clean air technology; regional and global change and satellite measurements.
This journal benefits a diverse audience of researchers, public health officials and policy makers addressing problems that call for solutions based in evidence from atmospheric and exposure assessment scientists, epidemiologists, and risk assessors. Publication in the journal affords the opportunity to reach beyond defined disciplinary niches to this broader readership.
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