Stability of single - layer cube armoured roundheads under wind and swell waves

IF 4.5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CIVIL

Coastal Engineering Pub Date : 2025-09-02 DOI:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2025.104873

Yalcin Yuksel , Esin Cevik , Cihan Sahin , Marcel R.A. van Gent , Burak Rehber , Baran Polat , Chingiz Mustafazade , Umutcan Inal , Mehmet Utku Ogur

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Abstract

This study investigates the stability of single-layer cube-armored breakwater roundheads under varying wave conditions, focusing on the influence of wave steepness, packing density, and cube material density. Experiments were conducted to assess the impact of different packing arrangements (62 % and 69 %) and unit weights (24 kN/m³ and 31.5 kN/m³) on the movement and displacement behavior of armor units. Wind and swell wave conditions were analyzed to evaluate sector-specific behavior across the roundhead. The results reveal that wave steepness plays a critical role in damage initiation, with wind waves causing earlier and more significant movement in the frontal sectors, while swell waves lead to delayed but widespread displacements toward the rear sectors due to enhanced diffraction effects. The roundhead exhibited non-uniform damage distribution, particularly in the second (45°–90°) and third (90°–135°) sectors, which emphasizes the importance of a sector-specific analysis in the design process. Furthermore, this study showed that packing density significantly influences the stability, with higher packing densities providing improved stability, irrespective of the block material density. High density (HD) cubes exhibited less movement compared to normal density cubes, highlighting the importance of geometric arrangement and lateral resistance in ensuring stability. Furthermore, a new formula has been derived based on the experimental data for the one - layer placement of normal density (ND) cubes. Overall, the findings underscore the need for a detailed sector-specific analyses in the design and evaluation of breakwater roundheads to enhance stability and resilience under varying wave conditions.

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单层立方体铠装圆头在风浪作用下的稳定性

本文研究了不同波浪条件下单层立方铠装防波堤圆头的稳定性，重点研究了波浪陡度、填料密度和立方材料密度对圆头稳定性的影响。实验评估了不同装填方式（62%和69%）和单位重量（24 kN/m3和31.5 kN/m3）对装甲单位运动和位移行为的影响。分析了风和涌浪条件，以评估整个圆头的扇形特定行为。结果表明，波浪陡度对损伤起关键作用，风波在前缘扇区引起更早、更显著的运动，而膨胀波由于增强的衍射效应导致向后扇区延迟但广泛的位移。圆头显示出不均匀的损伤分布，特别是在第二扇区（45°-90°）和第三扇区（90°-135°），这强调了在设计过程中扇区特定分析的重要性。此外，该研究表明，填料密度显著影响稳定性，无论块体材料密度如何，填料密度越高，稳定性越好。与正常密度立方体相比，高密度立方体表现出较少的运动，突出了几何排列和横向阻力在确保稳定性方面的重要性。在此基础上，根据实验数据导出了一种新的正态密度立方体单层放置公式。总的来说，研究结果强调了在设计和评估防波堤圆头时需要进行详细的行业分析，以提高在不同波浪条件下的稳定性和弹性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Coastal Engineering 工程技术-工程：大洋

CiteScore

9.20

自引率

13.60%

发文量

审稿时长

3.5 months

期刊介绍： Coastal Engineering is an international medium for coastal engineers and scientists. Combining practical applications with modern technological and scientific approaches, such as mathematical and numerical modelling, laboratory and field observations and experiments, it publishes fundamental studies as well as case studies on the following aspects of coastal, harbour and offshore engineering: waves, currents and sediment transport; coastal, estuarine and offshore morphology; technical and functional design of coastal and harbour structures; morphological and environmental impact of coastal, harbour and offshore structures.