Occurrence, analytical methods, and ecotoxicological effects of 6PPD-Quinone in aquatic environments: A review

IF 12 1区化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Trends in Analytical Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-09-02 DOI:10.1016/j.trac.2025.118449

Bingyi Wang, Wenhui Sun, Xindi Ye, Zhiquan Liu, Hangjun Zhang

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Abstract

The release of 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a transformation product of the tire antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), has attracted considerable research attention. However, knowledge of 6PPD-Q fate and effects in the aquatic environment remain limited. Here, we systematically review 6PPD-Q detection techniques in aquatic environments, current environmental pollution status, and 6PPD-Q’s toxic effects toward aquatic organisms. Currently, 6PPD-Q is mainly detected using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry. 6PPD-Q is widely detected in road runoff, snowmelt, and river waters with concentrations ranging from 4 × 10⁻⁵ to 19 μg/L, which exceed the acute toxicity thresholds for sensitive species, such as coho salmo. In addition, the potential adverse biological effects included developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Ultimately, these effects may contribute to ecological risk in contaminated aquatic systems. Finally, future directions were highlight for the detection methods, environmental behaviors, toxicity mechanisms, and long-term ecological effects of 6PPD-Q.

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6ppd -醌在水生环境中的存在、分析方法及生态毒理学效应综述

轮胎抗氧化剂N-（1,3-二甲基丁基）-N′-苯基-对苯二胺（6PPD- q）的转化产物6PPD-醌（6PPD- q）的释放引起了广泛的研究关注。然而，对6PPD-Q在水生环境中的命运和影响的了解仍然有限。本文系统综述了6PPD-Q在水生环境中的检测技术、环境污染现状以及6PPD-Q对水生生物的毒性作用。目前，6PPD-Q的检测主要采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法和超高效液相色谱-串联高分辨率质谱法。6PPD-Q广泛存在于道路径流、融雪水和河水中，浓度范围为4 × 10−5 ~ 19 μg/L，超过了对鲑等敏感物种的急性毒性阈值。此外，潜在的不良生物学效应包括发育毒性、神经毒性和氧化应激。最终，这些影响可能导致受污染的水生系统的生态风险。最后，对6PPD-Q的检测方法、环境行为、毒性机制和长期生态效应等方面进行了展望。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Trends in Analytical Chemistry 化学-分析化学

CiteScore

20.00

自引率

4.60%

发文量

257

审稿时长

3.4 months

期刊介绍： TrAC publishes succinct and critical overviews of recent advancements in analytical chemistry, designed to assist analytical chemists and other users of analytical techniques. These reviews offer excellent, up-to-date, and timely coverage of various topics within analytical chemistry. Encompassing areas such as analytical instrumentation, biomedical analysis, biomolecular analysis, biosensors, chemical analysis, chemometrics, clinical chemistry, drug discovery, environmental analysis and monitoring, food analysis, forensic science, laboratory automation, materials science, metabolomics, pesticide-residue analysis, pharmaceutical analysis, proteomics, surface science, and water analysis and monitoring, these critical reviews provide comprehensive insights for practitioners in the field.