{"title":"Experimental study on the stability and supercooling behavior of liquid metal nanofluids","authors":"Zhenyu Lv, Weijie Zhong, Yuliang Wei, Yudong Liu, Jiayi Liu, Chaobo Li, Zongheng Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06429-5","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Research on water-based Ga-In-Sn nanofluids remains scarce despite their promising properties. This study utilizes the exceptional thermal conductivity, stability, and fluidity of gallium-indium-tin (Ga-In-Sn) alloy to develop nanofluids with deionized water as the base fluid and low-melting-point Ga-In-Sn alloy as the dispersed phase. We systematically investigate factors influencing their stability and supercooling behavior. The nanofluids were prepared using a two-step method combined with ultrasonic treatment. Stability was evaluated through sedimentation observation, dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurements, while supercooling was assessed using temperature-time curves. Findings show that stability depends on Ga-In-Sn concentration, ultrasonic duration, and dispersant type, with optimal stability achieved at a 0.2% concentration and 80-min ultrasonication, particularly with the cationic dispersant CTAB. Supercooling is influenced by nanoparticle concentration and ultrasonic duration, with a 59.05% reduction compared to water at a 0.25% concentration and 80-min ultrasonication. However, dispersants slightly increase supercooling due to changes in interfacial tension. Theoretical calculations reveal that these nanofluids have significantly higher heterogeneous nucleation rates than deionized water, reaching 3.57 × 10<sup>33</sup> cm<sup>−3</sup>·s<sup>−1</sup> at 10 °C supercooling—1.14 × 10<sup>206</sup> times greater than that of water.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11051-025-06429-5","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Research on water-based Ga-In-Sn nanofluids remains scarce despite their promising properties. This study utilizes the exceptional thermal conductivity, stability, and fluidity of gallium-indium-tin (Ga-In-Sn) alloy to develop nanofluids with deionized water as the base fluid and low-melting-point Ga-In-Sn alloy as the dispersed phase. We systematically investigate factors influencing their stability and supercooling behavior. The nanofluids were prepared using a two-step method combined with ultrasonic treatment. Stability was evaluated through sedimentation observation, dynamic light scattering (DLS) particle size analysis, and zeta potential measurements, while supercooling was assessed using temperature-time curves. Findings show that stability depends on Ga-In-Sn concentration, ultrasonic duration, and dispersant type, with optimal stability achieved at a 0.2% concentration and 80-min ultrasonication, particularly with the cationic dispersant CTAB. Supercooling is influenced by nanoparticle concentration and ultrasonic duration, with a 59.05% reduction compared to water at a 0.25% concentration and 80-min ultrasonication. However, dispersants slightly increase supercooling due to changes in interfacial tension. Theoretical calculations reveal that these nanofluids have significantly higher heterogeneous nucleation rates than deionized water, reaching 3.57 × 1033 cm−3·s−1 at 10 °C supercooling—1.14 × 10206 times greater than that of water.
期刊介绍：
The objective of the Journal of Nanoparticle Research is to disseminate knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological phenomena and processes in structures that have at least one lengthscale ranging from molecular to approximately 100 nm (or submicron in some situations), and exhibit improved and novel properties that are a direct result of their small size.
Nanoparticle research is a key component of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology.
The focus of the Journal is on the specific concepts, properties, phenomena, and processes related to particles, tubes, layers, macromolecules, clusters and other finite structures of the nanoscale size range. Synthesis, assembly, transport, reactivity, and stability of such structures are considered. Development of in-situ and ex-situ instrumentation for characterization of nanoparticles and their interfaces should be based on new principles for probing properties and phenomena not well understood at the nanometer scale. Modeling and simulation may include atom-based quantum mechanics; molecular dynamics; single-particle, multi-body and continuum based models; fractals; other methods suitable for modeling particle synthesis, assembling and interaction processes. Realization and application of systems, structures and devices with novel functions obtained via precursor nanoparticles is emphasized. Approaches may include gas-, liquid-, solid-, and vacuum-based processes, size reduction, chemical- and bio-self assembly. Contributions include utilization of nanoparticle systems for enhancing a phenomenon or process and particle assembling into hierarchical structures, as well as formulation and the administration of drugs. Synergistic approaches originating from different disciplines and technologies, and interaction between the research providers and users in this field, are encouraged.
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