A Review of Atmospheric Micro/Nanoplastics: Insights into Source and Fate for Modelling Studies

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs), as emerging pollutants, have attracted increasing attention due to their potential adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, and climate. The rapid, turbulent, and large-scale nature of atmospheric transport facilitates both horizontal and vertical movement of MNPs over long distances within a short time, largely independent of topographical constraints, thereby accelerating their global cycle and exacerbating their impacts. Despite growing interest, our understanding of the atmospheric lifecycle of MNPs remains limited. This review aims to synthesise recent advances in understanding the atmospheric lifecycle of MNPs, including their emission sources, long-range transport characteristics, and driving mechanisms. It also evaluates the key sources of uncertainty—particularly those related to emission flux estimates—and provides corresponding recommendations for future research.

Recent Findings

Current research on the atmospheric processes of MNPs primarily relies on a combination of observational data and numerical modelling. Two major uncertainties in atmospheric micro/nanoplastic (AMNP) emissions persist: the wide variability in marine emission estimates, which span four orders of magnitude, and the unresolved question of whether terrestrial or marine sources are the dominant contributors to AMNP emissions. Furthermore, this review highlights critical factors driving these uncertainties, including limited data availability, inconsistencies in observational methodologies, oversimplified simulations, and gaps in understanding atmospheric cycling mechanisms. Additionally, variations in the particle size ranges targeted by different observational and modelling studies hinder cross-comparisons and model evaluations, representing another important source of uncertainty.

Summary

AMNP research is constrained by multiple uncertainties that hinder a comprehensive understanding of their emissions, transport, and fate. To address these issues, we call for establishing a global network of standardised observations, improving sampling and simulation practices, and incorporating artificial intelligence. These strategies will enhance our understanding of the complete atmospheric cycle of MNPs, paving the way for more effective environmental management and better-informed policy decisions.