Spatial analysis of sexually transmitted infection vulnerability among pregnant women in Bandar Lampung: Policy implications for Indonesia’s Triple Elimination Program

Abstract

Objectives

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a major public health concern, particularly among pregnant women, where vertical transmission poses severe risks to maternal and neonatal health. This study assessed the spatial distribution and vulnerability patterns of STIs among pregnant women in Bandar Lampung City, Indonesia, using a combination of geospatial and epidemiological analysis based on data collected in 2024.

Methods

Data from 148 pregnant women screened through the national Triple Elimination Program were analyzed across 17 districts. A weighted vulnerability index was developed based on 10 sociodemographic and reproductive health factors, with Spearman’s correlation used to assess risk associations.

Results

Spatial mapping revealed clustering of STI cases in central districts such as Enggal and Labuhan Ratu, whereas peripheral areas showed no recorded cases, possibly due to underreporting. Key vulnerability drivers included younger maternal age, multiparity, low education, and limited STI counseling. High hepatitis B virus prevalence (85.7% of cases) highlights persistent gaps in maternal STI prevention. District-level vulnerability mapping identified medium-risk zones requiring targeted intervention.

Conclusions

Findings underscore the need for geographically focused screening, youth-friendly counseling, and integration of sexual health services into routine antenatal care to strengthen Indonesia’s Triple Elimination Program.