French translation and linguistic validation of four questionnaires relevant to psychological interventions targeting persistent dyspnea: The Breathlessness catastrophizing questionnaire, the breathlessness beliefs questionnaire, the COPD self-efficacy scale, and the three-domain interoceptive sensations questionnaire.

Abstract

Background

Psychological interventions such as medical hypnosis, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and mindfulness-based techniques are emerging as promising tools in the management of persistent dyspnea. Their integration into clinical practice, however, is limited by the scarcity of validated outcome measures in non-English languages.

Objectives

This study aimed to provide linguistically validated French versions of four questionnaires selected for their potential relevance in assessing the psychological and perceptual dimensions of dyspnea: the Breathlessness Catastrophizing Questionnaire (BCQ), the Breathlessness Beliefs Questionnaire (BBQ), the COPD Self-Efficacy Scale (CSES), and the Three-Domain Interoceptive Sensations Questionnaire (THISQ).

Methods

Questionnaire selection was based on constructs likely to be modulated by psychological interventions: catastrophic thinking, maladaptive beliefs, self-efficacy, and interoception. Translation and linguistic validation followed internationally accepted forward–backward methodology, in collaboration with a specialized agency. Reconciliation was performed through iterative review by subject-matter experts until full consensus was achieved.

Results

French versions of all four questionnaires were successfully produced. Specific challenges arose regarding the translation of key constructs (e.g., “catastrophizing,” “belief,” “self-efficacy”), leading to the proposal of dual titling strategies to balance semantic precision and user acceptability.

Conclusion

These French-language instruments address a practical need for culturally and linguistically appropriate tools in the assessment of psychological dimensions of dyspnea. While developed with medical hypnosis in mind, they may prove equally valuable in research and clinical practice involving other psychological interventions. Psychometric validation in French-speaking populations is warranted.