Toxoplasma gondii-derived nanocarriers: leveraging protozoan membrane biology for scalable immune modulation and therapeutic delivery

IF 18 1区医学 Q1 ENGINEERING, BIOMEDICAL

Bioactive Materials Pub Date : 2025-09-04 DOI:10.1016/j.bioactmat.2025.08.037

Jiating Chen , Pengfei Zhang , Hongjuan Peng , Jihong Chen

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Abstract

Cell membrane-derived nanovesicles (CMNVs) are nanoscale lipid bilayer structures obtained from cellular membranes that serve as biomimetic drug delivery platforms, offering immune evasion, targeting, and surface functionalization capabilities. While most CMNVs originate from mammalian cells, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a genetically tractable protozoan with a structurally distinct membrane, offers a high-yield and underexplored source for producing T. gondii-derived CMNVs (TgCMNVs). These vesicles are obtained from the parasite's plasma membrane and inner membrane complex and retain unique features including abundant GPI-anchored SRS proteins, phosphatidylthreonine-rich lipids, and an editable genome, enabling versatile engineering via genetic and chemical strategies. We review methods for TgCMNV fabrication, purification, and functionalization, and evaluate their potential in immunomodulation, attenuation of tissue injury, cancer immunotherapy, and self-adjuvanting vaccine design. By combining intrinsic immune engagement with programmable surface architecture, TgCMNVs could serve as a complementary and adaptable platform alongside established CMNV systems. Finally, we discuss key translational considerations, including scalable production, immunogenicity control, regulatory compliance, and stability testing, which will be essential for assessing the feasibility of TgCMNVs in clinical applications.

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刚地弓形虫衍生的纳米载体：利用原生动物膜生物学进行可扩展的免疫调节和治疗递送

细胞膜源性纳米囊泡（CMNVs）是从细胞膜获得的纳米级脂质双层结构，可作为仿生药物传递平台，提供免疫逃避、靶向和表面功能化能力。虽然大多数cmnv起源于哺乳动物细胞，但刚地弓形虫（T. gondii）是一种遗传上易于处理的原生动物，具有结构独特的膜，为产生刚地弓形虫衍生的cmnv （tgcmnv）提供了高产且未被开发的来源。这些囊泡是从寄生虫的质膜和内膜复合体中获得的，并保留了独特的特征，包括丰富的gpi锚定的SRS蛋白、富含磷脂酰苏氨酸的脂质和可编辑的基因组，从而通过遗传和化学策略实现多功能工程。我们综述了TgCMNV的制备、纯化和功能化方法，并评估了它们在免疫调节、组织损伤衰减、癌症免疫治疗和自佐剂疫苗设计方面的潜力。通过将固有免疫参与与可编程表面结构相结合，tgcmnv可以作为现有CMNV系统的补充和适应性平台。最后，我们讨论了关键的翻译考虑因素，包括可扩展生产，免疫原性控制，法规遵从性和稳定性测试，这将是评估TgCMNVs临床应用可行性的必要条件。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Bioactive Materials Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology-Biotechnology

CiteScore

28.00

自引率

6.30%

发文量

436

审稿时长

20 days

期刊介绍： Bioactive Materials is a peer-reviewed research publication that focuses on advancements in bioactive materials. The journal accepts research papers, reviews, and rapid communications in the field of next-generation biomaterials that interact with cells, tissues, and organs in various living organisms. The primary goal of Bioactive Materials is to promote the science and engineering of biomaterials that exhibit adaptiveness to the biological environment. These materials are specifically designed to stimulate or direct appropriate cell and tissue responses or regulate interactions with microorganisms. The journal covers a wide range of bioactive materials, including those that are engineered or designed in terms of their physical form (e.g. particulate, fiber), topology (e.g. porosity, surface roughness), or dimensions (ranging from macro to nano-scales). Contributions are sought from the following categories of bioactive materials: Bioactive metals and alloys Bioactive inorganics: ceramics, glasses, and carbon-based materials Bioactive polymers and gels Bioactive materials derived from natural sources Bioactive composites These materials find applications in human and veterinary medicine, such as implants, tissue engineering scaffolds, cell/drug/gene carriers, as well as imaging and sensing devices.