Advances in malaria detection.

Abstract

Malaria remains a significant global health issue, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Although Egypt attained malaria-free status in 2024, countries like Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, and Yemen are still considered "High Burden High Impact" zones. Malaria causes over 435,000 fatalities annually and places billions more at risk. Unfortunately, treatment resistance, atypical symptomology, analytical sensitivity, and the specificity of conventional detection methods have made diagnosis challenging. To mitigate the large reservoir of malaria parasites in disease hotspots, a more strategic non-invasive diagnostic tool with improved monitoring, multiplex capability and analytical performance is required. Fortunately, the advent of novel biosensor technology that uses advanced nanotechnology design and biochemical approaches provides rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective alternatives. Furthermore, these user-friendly devices require minimal technical expertise and are ideal at the point of care, especially in remote and resource-limited settings. Herein, we examine current and emerging diagnostic tools and evaluate their potential to revolutionize malaria control and eradication efforts worldwide.