AI-Enabled Virtual Clinic Impact on Pharmacist Confidence in Managing Warfarin: Implications for Experiential Education

IF 3.5 4区教育学 Q1 EDUCATION, SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education Pub Date : 2025-08-25 DOI:10.1016/j.ajpe.2025.101494

Jeff Nagge , Cynthia Richard , Brianna Bennett , Fuqian Tang , Robert Clapperton

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objective

Despite an expanding scope of practice, uptake of advanced clinical services is hindered by pharmacists’ self-efficacy in high-stakes decision-making. Traditional experiential learning builds confidence but is constrained by preceptor shortages, scheduling conflicts, and travel requirements. This study evaluates an artificial intelligence-enabled virtual clinical training program designed to replace in-person warfarin-management rotations.

Methods

This mixed-methods study assessed the impact of the Management of Oral Anticoagulation Therapy course on learners’ confidence and satisfaction. The course combines online modules with a virtual clinic that simulates a full clinical rotation, including patient encounters, therapeutic decisions, documentation, and structured feedback. Surveys administered after the online modules and again after completing the virtual clinic captured confidence (5-point Likert) and program satisfaction; free-text responses underwent content analysis.

Results

Of 287 participants (96.9% pharmacists), mean confidence on a 5-point Likert scale increased from baseline (1.92) to post-modules (3.85) and further after the virtual clinic (4.24). Approximately 40% experienced additional gains following simulations. Virtual simulations were ranked the most valuable component (69%). Qualitative analysis yielded 4 themes: experiential consolidation of learning, virtual experience comparable to in-person training, complementary role of preparatory materials, and technical refinements needed.

Conclusion

The artificial intelligence-enabled virtual clinic effectively replaced traditional clinical rotations and enhanced confidence in warfarin care. Graduates’ patients later achieved the highest time in therapeutic range reported in Canadian general practice, supporting real-world impact. The Management of Oral Anticoagulation Therapy model may mitigate preceptor shortages and deliver standardized experiential training; broader validation across therapeutic areas and learner groups is warranted.

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人工智能支持的虚拟诊所对药剂师管理华法林信心的影响：对体验式教育的影响。

目的：尽管实践范围不断扩大，但药师在高风险决策中的自我效能感阻碍了先进临床服务的采用。传统的体验式学习建立了信心，但受到导师短缺、时间安排冲突和旅行需求的限制。本研究评估了一个人工智能支持的虚拟临床培训计划，旨在取代面对面的华法林管理轮岗。方法：本研究采用混合方法评估口服抗凝治疗管理（MOAT）课程对学习者信心和满意度的影响。该课程将在线模块与虚拟诊所相结合，模拟完整的临床轮转，包括患者接触，治疗决策，文档和结构化反馈。在线模块完成后和完成虚拟诊所后进行的调查获得了信心（5分李克特）和项目满意度；对自由文本回复进行内容分析。结果：在287名参与者（96.9%的药剂师）中，5点李克特量表的平均置信度从基线（1.92）增加到模块后（3.85），并在虚拟诊所后进一步增加（4.24）。40%的人在模拟后获得了额外的收益。虚拟模拟被评为最有价值的组成部分（69%）。定性分析产生了四个主题：学习的经验巩固，与面对面培训相媲美的虚拟经验，准备材料的补充作用以及所需的技术改进。结论：人工智能支持的虚拟诊所有效取代了传统的临床轮转，增强了华法林护理的信心。毕业生的患者后来在加拿大全科实践中达到了最高的治疗时间范围，支持了现实世界的影响。MOAT模型可以缓解教师短缺，提供标准化的经验培训；有必要在治疗领域和学习者群体中进行更广泛的验证。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 医学-学科教育

CiteScore

4.30

自引率

15.20%

发文量

114

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