Segmental External Load in Linear Running in Elite Futsal Players: A Multifactorial and Individual Variability Analysis Using Linear Mixed Models.

Abstract

Limited evidence exists on how segmental external load is distributed during linear running and how it varies with speed, training intensity, and individual differences. This study examines the external load profile across six body segments in elite female futsal players during linear treadmill running, focusing on the effects of speed and training zone, as well as individual variability. Eight elite players, including six outfield players and two goalkeepers (mean age 23.9 ± 3.4 years, height 164.96 ± 4.22 cm, body mass 60.31 ± 4.56 kg), performed an incremental test and were measured using six WIMU PRO™ inertial sensors. The sensors recorded segmental PlayerLoad, speed, and training zones. Data were analyzed using Linear Mixed Models. The most important results show significant interactions between body location and speed and between body location and training zone (p < 0.001), with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from 0.437 to 0.515. These results indicate variability among players and specific and asymmetrical segmental load patterns. These findings offer practical insights for tailoring individualized training strategies that optimize performance and reduce segment specific overuse injuries.