{"title":"Gender differences in cognitive reserve: An impact on progression in subjective cognitive decline?","authors":"Giacomucci Giulia, Moschini Valentina, Ceccarelli Alice, Padiglioni Sonia, Morinelli Carmen, Mazzeo Salvatore, Crucitti Chiara, Galdo Giulia, Emiliani Filippo, Bagnoli Silvia, Ingannato Assunta, Marcantelli Elisa, Nacmias Benedetta, Sorbi Sandro, Bessi Valentina","doi":"10.1002/dad2.70174","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>This study investigated gender differences in cognitive reserve (CR) in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and examined the impact of gender-CR interaction on the risk of progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We enrolled 440 SCD patients and estimated CR using premorbid intelligence (<i>Test di Intelligenza Breve</i> [TIB]). To account for socio-cultural differences, patients were stratified by birth cohort (pre-/post-1950). A Markov random-field (MRF) model explored relationships between gender, CR, education, and age. Logistic regression assessed MCI progression risk.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Women showed lower TIB scores than men (<i>p </i>< 0.001). The MRF model revealed an inverse connection between TIB and female gender, while no link was observed between TIB and generation. Progression to MCI was predicted by age at onset (<i>p </i>< 0.001), apolipoprotein E (<i>APOE)</i> status (<i>p </i>= 0.002), and TIB (<i>p </i>= 0.018), but not gender.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Gender has an impact on CR, but not through socio-economic variables. In turn, CR influenced the risk of MCI progression, whereas gender did not.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) women presented lower cognitive reserve (CR) levels than men, despite similar education levels.Social-cultural factors did not explain these gender differences in CR in SCD.The gender-CR interaction was not mediated by social-cultural factors.The risk of progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was influenced by CR but not by gender.</p>","PeriodicalId":53226,"journal":{"name":"Alzheimer''s and Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Disease Monitoring","volume":"17 3","pages":"e70174"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12381356/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Alzheimer''s and Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment and Disease Monitoring","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1002/dad2.70174","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/7/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CLINICAL NEUROLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction: This study investigated gender differences in cognitive reserve (CR) in subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and examined the impact of gender-CR interaction on the risk of progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Methods: We enrolled 440 SCD patients and estimated CR using premorbid intelligence (Test di Intelligenza Breve [TIB]). To account for socio-cultural differences, patients were stratified by birth cohort (pre-/post-1950). A Markov random-field (MRF) model explored relationships between gender, CR, education, and age. Logistic regression assessed MCI progression risk.
Results: Women showed lower TIB scores than men (p < 0.001). The MRF model revealed an inverse connection between TIB and female gender, while no link was observed between TIB and generation. Progression to MCI was predicted by age at onset (p < 0.001), apolipoprotein E (APOE) status (p = 0.002), and TIB (p = 0.018), but not gender.
Discussion: Gender has an impact on CR, but not through socio-economic variables. In turn, CR influenced the risk of MCI progression, whereas gender did not.
Highlights: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) women presented lower cognitive reserve (CR) levels than men, despite similar education levels.Social-cultural factors did not explain these gender differences in CR in SCD.The gender-CR interaction was not mediated by social-cultural factors.The risk of progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was influenced by CR but not by gender.
期刊介绍：
Alzheimer''s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring (DADM) is an open access, peer-reviewed, journal from the Alzheimer''s Association® that will publish new research that reports the discovery, development and validation of instruments, technologies, algorithms, and innovative processes. Papers will cover a range of topics interested in the early and accurate detection of individuals with memory complaints and/or among asymptomatic individuals at elevated risk for various forms of memory disorders. The expectation for published papers will be to translate fundamental knowledge about the neurobiology of the disease into practical reports that describe both the conceptual and methodological aspects of the submitted scientific inquiry. Published topics will explore the development of biomarkers, surrogate markers, and conceptual/methodological challenges. Publication priority will be given to papers that 1) describe putative surrogate markers that accurately track disease progression, 2) biomarkers that fulfill international regulatory requirements, 3) reports from large, well-characterized population-based cohorts that comprise the heterogeneity and diversity of asymptomatic individuals and 4) algorithmic development that considers multi-marker arrays (e.g., integrated-omics, genetics, biofluids, imaging, etc.) and advanced computational analytics and technologies.
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