MIL-53 MOF on Sustainable Biomaterial for Antimicrobial Evaluation Against E. coli and S. aureus Bacteria by Efficient Release of Penicillin G.

Abstract

The development of efficient antibiotic-releasing materials derived from sustainable and recyclable compounds represents a key area within biomedical materials science, particularly in the treatment of antibacterial infections. Herein, a Fe³⁺/terephthalate-based metal-organic framework (MIL-53) and a novel advanced material made of MIL-53 with biogenic hydroxyapatite (1) were prepared by solvothermal reactions, and these were studied in detail as a Penicillin-G-releasing material. After loading Penicillin G on 1 and MIL-53, the antibiotic percentage release was studied, and the antimicrobial effectiveness of each material was evaluated against two bacterial ATCC strains (E. coli and S. aureus) and various Penicillin-G-resistant uropathogenic strains such as E. coli isolates (HHM 25, ERV 6, and FGI 4). Functional, structural, and morphological characteristics of these materials were thoroughly studied by analytical tools (FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM-EDS, and XPS). The Penicillin G load did not exceed 50% in both materials. The Penicillin G adsorption mechanism involves several types of interactions with the materials. The release of the antibiotic was more efficient from MIL-53, where the load did not exceed 20%. The release was analyzed using mathematical models. They indicated that when Penicillin G is released from MIL-53, the process follows diffusion through a uniform matrix; however, 1 is more porous, which helps with the release by diffusion of Penicillin G, and 1 exhibits more than a 90% inhibition of the growth of bacteria and strains like MIL-53. This suggests a valuable approach to antibiotic activity against resistant pathogens. The use of composite materials derived from the Fe-MOF with a sustainable matrix of hydroxyapatite as antibiotic-releasing materials has been unexplored until now.